外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
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外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
(5) Idiolect A person’s dialect of an individual speaker. (factors: region, social status, gender, age; reflected in: voice quality, pitch, speech tempo, rhythm) (6) Ethnic dialect May be caused by racial discrimination or segregation. Black English is just another non-standard variety of English. Difference between black English and standard English in pronunciation and syntax. • Passed [p :s], mend [men], desk [des], told [t l] • He don’t know nothing. (He doesn’t know anything.) • I ain’t afraid of no ghosts. (I’m not afraid of ghosts.)
Chapter Seven
Language, Culture, and Society
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
Outline 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Varieties of language 7.3 Standard dialect 7.4 Pidgin and Creole 7.5 Bilingualism and diglossia 7.6 Task
(Wikipedia: http://www.answers.com/topic/sociolinguistics)
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.1.2 Language and society
Social factors must be included in description of language and language use. Language is not only used to communicate meaning, but also maintain social relationships. What and how we speak may reflect ourselves. Lexicon reflects both physical and the social environments of a society. Judgments on language may vary among linguists and ordinary people.
The study of language and linguistic behavior as influenced by social and cultural factors.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=sociolinguistics)
(3) Language and gender Difference in pronunciation. (women are more statusconscious than men) Difference in intonation (female speakers have a wider range in intonation) Difference in lexicon (some adjectives used more frequently by female) Women are more polite and milder (4) Language and age The difference may come from the changing of society, social attitudes and value judgments.
(Dai and He, 2002, p. 111)
Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviours, some of which are linguistic. (Spolsky, 2000, p. 3)
Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used.
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.1.3 Speech community and speech variety General linguists and sociolinguists look at speech community differently. In a speech community there are different kinds of social groups which are divided in different ways (educational background, occupation, gender, age, ethnic affiliation) Speech variety: any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speaker. (three types: regional dialects, sociolects, registers)
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
(2) Sociolect Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions. Differences in sociolects can be reflected in pronunciation, grammar and others. Pronunciation: [n] for [ ]; RP (Received Pronunciation) Grammar: third-person present-tense singular form of verbs; double negation Others: (maybe combined)
Speaker A Speaker B
I did it yesterday. He hasn’t got it. It was she that said it.
I done it yesterday. He ain’t got it. It was her what said it.
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
Sociolinguistics: the study of linguistic behavior as determined by sociocultural factors.
(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: http://www.m-w.com/ cgi-bin/dictionary?book =Dictionary&va=sociolinguistics)
外语学院精品课Hale Waihona Puke Baidu《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
Degree of formality
Martin Joos’s five degrees of formality Frozen: Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase. Formal: Visitors should to up the stairs at once Consultative: Would you mind going upstairs right away, please? Casual: Time you al went upstairs now. Intimate: Up you go, chap!
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Definitions Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.2.2 Register The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation. Field (语场): refer to what is going on, subject matter of communication Tenor (语旨): refer to the role of relationship between the communicators Mode (语式): refer to the means of communication (oral or written (read or spoken)) e.g. a lecture on biology in a technical college • Field: scientific (biological) • Tenor: teacher – students (formal, polite) • Mode: oral (academic lecturing)
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.2 Varieties of language 7.2.1 Dialectal varieties
(1) Regional dialect Geographical barriers; loyalty to one’s native speech, physical and psychological resistance to change Media, transport and young people’s values may reduce the difference between varieties.
(5) Idiolect A person’s dialect of an individual speaker. (factors: region, social status, gender, age; reflected in: voice quality, pitch, speech tempo, rhythm) (6) Ethnic dialect May be caused by racial discrimination or segregation. Black English is just another non-standard variety of English. Difference between black English and standard English in pronunciation and syntax. • Passed [p :s], mend [men], desk [des], told [t l] • He don’t know nothing. (He doesn’t know anything.) • I ain’t afraid of no ghosts. (I’m not afraid of ghosts.)
Chapter Seven
Language, Culture, and Society
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
Outline 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Varieties of language 7.3 Standard dialect 7.4 Pidgin and Creole 7.5 Bilingualism and diglossia 7.6 Task
(Wikipedia: http://www.answers.com/topic/sociolinguistics)
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.1.2 Language and society
Social factors must be included in description of language and language use. Language is not only used to communicate meaning, but also maintain social relationships. What and how we speak may reflect ourselves. Lexicon reflects both physical and the social environments of a society. Judgments on language may vary among linguists and ordinary people.
The study of language and linguistic behavior as influenced by social and cultural factors.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=sociolinguistics)
(3) Language and gender Difference in pronunciation. (women are more statusconscious than men) Difference in intonation (female speakers have a wider range in intonation) Difference in lexicon (some adjectives used more frequently by female) Women are more polite and milder (4) Language and age The difference may come from the changing of society, social attitudes and value judgments.
(Dai and He, 2002, p. 111)
Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviours, some of which are linguistic. (Spolsky, 2000, p. 3)
Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used.
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.1.3 Speech community and speech variety General linguists and sociolinguists look at speech community differently. In a speech community there are different kinds of social groups which are divided in different ways (educational background, occupation, gender, age, ethnic affiliation) Speech variety: any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speaker. (three types: regional dialects, sociolects, registers)
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
(2) Sociolect Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions. Differences in sociolects can be reflected in pronunciation, grammar and others. Pronunciation: [n] for [ ]; RP (Received Pronunciation) Grammar: third-person present-tense singular form of verbs; double negation Others: (maybe combined)
Speaker A Speaker B
I did it yesterday. He hasn’t got it. It was she that said it.
I done it yesterday. He ain’t got it. It was her what said it.
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
Sociolinguistics: the study of linguistic behavior as determined by sociocultural factors.
(Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: http://www.m-w.com/ cgi-bin/dictionary?book =Dictionary&va=sociolinguistics)
外语学院精品课Hale Waihona Puke Baidu《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
Degree of formality
Martin Joos’s five degrees of formality Frozen: Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase. Formal: Visitors should to up the stairs at once Consultative: Would you mind going upstairs right away, please? Casual: Time you al went upstairs now. Intimate: Up you go, chap!
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Definitions Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.2.2 Register The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation. Field (语场): refer to what is going on, subject matter of communication Tenor (语旨): refer to the role of relationship between the communicators Mode (语式): refer to the means of communication (oral or written (read or spoken)) e.g. a lecture on biology in a technical college • Field: scientific (biological) • Tenor: teacher – students (formal, polite) • Mode: oral (academic lecturing)
外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》 外语学院精品课程《英语语言学》
7.2 Varieties of language 7.2.1 Dialectal varieties
(1) Regional dialect Geographical barriers; loyalty to one’s native speech, physical and psychological resistance to change Media, transport and young people’s values may reduce the difference between varieties.