Sociocultural theory and SLA 社会文化理论与二语习得

• 在下一个阶段儿童可以完成某些任务, 但必
须在父母、年长或者能力更强的同伴帮助
下完成, 这些帮助是由恰当的语言作为中介
的, 这一阶段被称为他人控制( other-
regulation)阶段。他人控制的功能主要通过
对话来实现。
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内化( internalization )
• Internalization: the process through which members of communities of practice appropriate the symbolic artifacts used in communicative activity and convert them into psychological artifacts that mediate their mental activity.
and thus change the nhature of these
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• Lower level mental functions involve impulsive and spontaneous actions which depend on their concrete surroundings and visual situations, such as using a stone to crack a walnut. Learning involves various higher level mental functions, such as logic memory, voluntary attention, conceptual thought, planning, perception, and problem solving.
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控制( regulation)
•低级心理机能向高级心理机能转化的过程被 称作控制(Darhower, 2000: 9)。
它物控制 ( object- regulation) 他人控制( other- regulation) 自我控制( self- regulation)
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• 在儿童成长的过程中, 他们起初要完全依靠 他人, 没有能力控制周围的环境。而在儿童 心理发展的早期阶段, 环境会影响儿童, 这一 阶段被称为它物控制阶段( objectregulation)。例如, 父母叫儿童去拿远处的一 个玩具, 在去拿玩具的过程中儿童很可能会 被其他的东西吸引而忘记父母的指令。
rely on tools and labor activity(physical tools)
to change the world. They also use symbolic
tools to mediate and regulate their
relationships with others and with themselves
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core
• 中介(mediation ) • 控制( regulation) • 内化( internalization ) • 临近发展区( zone of proximal development) • 搭手架( scaffolding) • 私语(private speech) /内语( inner speech) • 活动理论( activity theory) • 心理发展研究方法( genetic method)
Sociocultural theory and SLA
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What is sociocultural theory ?
• Lev Vygotsky
• At the heart of Vygotsky’s theory lies the understanding of human cognition and learning as social and cultural rather than individual phenomena.
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• Internalization enables humans to abstract from physical objects and material actions.
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临近发展区( zone of proximal development)
• Based on his belief that learning takes place first interpersonally and then intrapersonally, Vygotsky (1986) argues that learning leads to development and described good instruction as “that which marches ahead of development and leads it” in school.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
• These mental activities are mediated by signs
and symbols, such as ahlgebraic symbols,
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• From Vygotsky’s perspective, the main symbolic tool available for the mediation of mental activity is language. Language not only facilitates the child’s effective manipulation of objects but also controls the child’s own behavior. It further directs the child’s attention, formulates a plan, or articulates the steps to be taken in solving a problem or accomplishing a given task.
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中介(mediation )
• The most fundamental concept of sociocultural theory is that the human mind is mediated.
• Vygotsky argues that humans do not act
directly on the physical work; instead, they