定语从句与虚拟语气
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回复:[四中网校资源]定语从句精讲
虚
㈠虚拟语气在条件句中的应用:
英语中if 从句有两种:一种是以陈述语气叙述的叫做真实条件句,说明所提出的假想是可以实现的;另一种是以虚拟语气叙述的,叫非真实条件句,说明所提出的假想实现的可能性极小或与事实相反。这种虚拟语气一般因所指的时间的不同而分三种情况:
⒈ 表示与现在事实相反:
If + 从句主语 + 动词的过去式…,主语+should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
(be 一般用were)
如:
①If I were you, I would go by plane.
如果我是你,我将坐飞机去。( In fact I am not you. )
②If he were here, he would decide what to do.
如果他在这里,他会决定做什么。(In fact he isn’t here.)
③If I had the letter at hand, I would read it.
如果我手头有这封信的话,我会读它的。(In fact I don’t have the letter at hand.)
④If she knew about it now, she would come.
如果她现在要是知道这件事的话,她会来的。(In fact she doesn’t know about it.)
⑤If he had time, he would go with you.
如果他有时间,他会同你一起去的。(In fact he is very busy, so he can’t go with you.)
⒉表示与过去事实相反:
If + 从句主语 + had + 过去分词…,主语+should/ would/ could/ might +have +过去分词…
如:
①If he had come here yesterday, I should have told him.
如果他昨天到这里来,我早就告诉他了。
(Fact: He did not come and I did not tell him.)
②If I had taken his advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
如果我当时接受了他的劝告,我是不会犯那样一个错误的。
(Fact: I didn’t take his advice and I made such a mistake.)
③If I hadn’t been so busy last Monday, I would have called her.
如果我上周一不忙的话,我早就给她打电话了。
(Fact: I was busy last Monday and I didn’t call her.)
⒊与将来事实可能相反:
①动词的过去式…,
If + 从句主语+ ②should +动词原形…, + 主语 + should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
③were to +动词原形…,
如:
①If it should snow/snowed/were to snow tomorrow, I would not go out.
如果明天下雪的话,我就不出去了。
(But I know it won’t snow tomorrow.)
②If he failed/should fail/were to fail, he would try again.
如果他失败的话,他会再试一次。
(I know that most probably he won’t fail.)
③If I had time next year, I would study German.
如果我明年有时间的话,我就学德语。
(I know that most probably I won’t have time next year.)
◆ 在书面语中,有时if虚拟从句可使用倒装形式,方法是:如果if从句中含有were, had 或should时,把条件从句中的if省略,将were/ should/ had 移至主语之前。
如:
①If I were in his place, I should learn to drive.
→ Were I in his place, I should learn to d rive.
如果我处于他的地位,我一定学开车。
②If it should snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
→ Should it snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雪,会议将会延期。
③If they had helped us, we would have succeeded.
→ Had they helped us, we would have su cceeded.
如果他们帮助了我们,我们早就成功了。
④If it were to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
→ Were it to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
万一明天下雪的话,你怎么办。
◆ 如果从句和主句所表示的动作发生的时间不一致,例如:一个与过去事实相反,另一个与现在事实相反,动词的虚拟语气形式应根据所指的实际时间来选用。
如:
①If he were alive, he migh t have finished his scientific researches on the bridge-building three years ago.
如果他现在还活着,他可能三年前就完成了他的桥梁建筑科研工作了。
(从句所表示的动作与现在事实相反,主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反)
②If you had followed his advice, you would not be in trouble now.
如果你当初听从他的建议,你现在就不会陷入这种困境了。
(从句表示的动作与过去相反,主句所表示的动作与现在相反)
③If I had followed the doctor’s advice, I would be quite all right now.
如果我当时听从了医生的建议,我现在就完全恢复了健康。
(从句所表示的动作与过去相反,主句所表示的动作与现在相反)
④If I were you, I would have gone with her.
如果我是你,我早就和她一起去了。
(从句表示与现在事实相反,主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反)
◆ 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,而是通过一个介词短语来表示
如:
①We could have done better under more favourable conditions.
在更有利的条件下,我们还可以做得更好些。
②Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earth’s vegetation would die almost immediately.
如果没有太阳的热量和光,地球上的植物几乎会马上死去。
◆ 假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式来表现:
如:
①I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the sports meet.
我那天生病了,否则就参加运动会了。
②But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
要是没有碰到暴风雨,我们还会早一些到的。