高级英语 第一册 第五课 1、2段

Conviction: ①an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence 确信
②(criminal law )a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed.定罪 eg: He will appeal against his conviction.
A country must have the will to repel any invader. 一个国家得有决心击退任何入侵者。 He'll use the invasive components to seize control of the ship. 它会利用入侵的部分来夺取这艘船。
aggression invasion assault attack offensive均有“进攻、侵略”之意。 aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土， 又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动 和征服的企图。 invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可 用于指抽象事件。 assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。 attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主 动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。 offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军 事行动
他被认为很聪明但不诚实。（别人认为他很聪明但不诚实）
awoke:awake的过去式 awake: adj.醒着的；警惕的；vt. ﹠vi.唤醒;觉悟；唤起 过去式 awoke或 awaked ;过去分词 awoke或 awaked或 awoken; 现在分词 awaking wake: vi.醒来；叫醒；苏醒；vt.激发；使意识到；为…守夜n.守夜；年度假期 过去式 woke 或 waked ;过去分词 woke 或 waked ;现在分词 waked waken:literary term for wake，没有名词词性。 过去式:wakened 过去分词:wakened awaken:vt. ﹠vi唤醒，（使）觉醒；vt.激起 过去式awakened;过去分词awakened 从理论上说，这四个动词都可用作及物或不及物动词；但从实际使用上看， wake 和 awake 多用作不及物动词，而 waken，awaken 多用作及物动词。
This changed conviction into certainty.
〔 Paraphrase 〕In the past days, I was convinced that German army would invade Soviet Union, unfortunately now it really becomes a fact instead of my firm belief.
I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay.Nor indeed what to say. There only remained the task of composing it.
我完全清楚我们对此应该承担何种义务，采取何种政策。我也完全 清楚该如何就此事发表声明。尚待完成的只不过是将这一切形成文 字而已。 not…nor:

When I awoke on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the news was brought to me of Hitler's invasion of Russia.
被动语态：一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用 被动语态。 常用结构“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”， “get+及物动词的过去分词”

eg:I may be strong but I am not always dominant. Nor do I want to be The idea of tapping web-based data to build a realtime measure of users’ emotions and preferences is not new. Nor is that of using the results to predict their behaviour. 利用基于网络实时数据来建立测量标准，从而窃取用户的情绪状况 及喜好，这主意并没有多少新意，即使用它来预测人的行为也是一 样。
Invasion: n.入侵，侵略；侵害，侵犯；侵袭
Invade: vt. ﹠vi.侵入，侵略；挤满，袭来，侵袭 vt.侵犯；干扰 Invader: n.侵略者；侵入者；侵犯者 Invasive: adj.侵略性的，侵害的；攻击性的
eg: The regiment covered itself with glory in the invasion battle. 该团在反侵略的战斗中赫赫有名。 When did the Romans invade Britain? 古罗马人是何时侵略英国的?
wake 通常可与 up 连用，waken 可以与 up 连用，而 awake 和 awaken 则一 般不与 up 连用。
awake 除用作动词外，还可用作形容词(只用作表语，意为“醒着的”、“意识 到”)，而其余三个词通常用作动词，不能用作形容词。
example sentances I could not relax and still felt wide awake. 我没法放松下来，还是觉得睡意全无。 The explorer was ever awake for the dangers that surrounded him. 这个探险家时刻提防着周围的危险。 She prodded him in the ribs to wake him up. 她用手指杵他的肋部把他叫醒。 A funeral wake was in progress. 正在进行葬礼守灵。 If you do waken up during the night, start the exercises again. 如果你夜里真的醒了，就再从头开始做这套动作。 We must waken the people to the dangers facing our country. 我们必须使人们认识到我们国家面临的危险. We must awaken the people to the dangers facing our country. 我们必须使人民认识到我们国家面临的危险。 the picture of the Earth, so blue and fragile, that awakened a generation to the Earth's mortality. 照片上的地球，如此的忧郁而脆弱，唤起了一代人对地球生命的意识
词根：convict vt. 证明…有罪；宣告…有罪 宣判某人犯有某罪
n. 罪犯
•Convict… of
使某人认识到（错误）等
certainty n [C]必然的事,确定的事 sth that is certain to be true or certain to happen [U]确实,确信 the state of being certain; freedom from doubt eg.It's a dead certainty that this horse will win the race 这匹马在比赛中获胜是必定的。 I know for a certainty that the company has been bought up. 我确实知道公司已经被人收购了 搭配：fair certainty 相当的肯定 moral certainty 靠得住的事 absolute certainty 绝对肯定的事 in the certainty 必定 with certainty 的确,确信 certainty about it 这事的实情 certainty of success 成功的把握
certainadj.确定的；肯定的；某事；某人；某种；（与人名连用； 表示不认识此人）一位叫...；特定的；轻微的；微小的 pron.某些；某几个 certain about 确信,深信,相信certain of 确信,深信,相信make certain 弄清楚〔明白,确实〕,落实certain extent 一定程度上or certain无疑 地,确定地 make certain of 采取行动以便确有把握做其他事 certainty assurance conviction 这些名词均含有“确信无疑”之意。 certainty: 指在客观上和主观上都无一丝一毫的怀疑。 assurance: 侧重依靠个人力量、本能、方法或对其他人或事的完 全信任，强调有信心。 conviction: 多指在理性基础上清除了原有的疑虑或无把握，着重 对证据的主观反应。
乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。 Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct.
火山被描述为活的，沉睡着的，或者死的。 The soldier was killed, but the train was saved.
这位战士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。 He was thought to be clever but dishonest.
have not the slightest doubt=have no doubt=have infinite faith in=have profound faith in=firmly convince坚 信不疑 lie: exist; be found Nor had I indeed the slightest doubt as to what I was/ ought to say. The only task left was to put what I was going to say into shape; to write down what I was going to say. 译文：我完全清楚我们对此应承担何种责任，采取何种 政策。我也完全清楚如何就此事发表声明，剩下的只不过 是将这一切形成文字而已。 Compose:vt.组成，构成；调解 vt﹠vi.创作；为…谱曲 vi.构图，构成
Lesson 5
Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.
Winston S.Churchill
Detailed study of paragraph 1
When I awoke on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd, the news was brought to me of Hitler's invasion of Russia. Awake ,waken ,wake ,awaken The news was brought to me of Hitler’s invasion of Russia Invasion Time of Hitler’s invasion of Russia.
eg: A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow.
直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。 A note was passed up to the speaker.
有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。 John was elected president of the class instead of Harry.
It is our firm conviction that a step forward has been taken.
This spark is the strength of conviction.
belief faith confidence conviction credit trust 这些名词都有“相信，信任”之意。 belief:普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相 信是否有根据。 faith:语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的 相信。 confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失 望，因而给予信任。 conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认 识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。 credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。 trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。