#文化透视英语3 unit 4 翻译+语言点

电视暴力：它会引起现实生活混乱吗？
苏姗R. 拉森
苏姗R. 拉森是美国步枪协会联邦事务的董事。

在1993年的关于电视暴力的国家听证会上，拉森说明了美国步枪协会在这个话题上的立场。

在这篇在1993年6月份美国猎人杂志上的文章上，拉森批评电视加剧了现实生活暴力行为。

几乎在任何一天的任何时候打开电视，你就会把一场谋杀，混乱，流血杀人事件的狂欢带入你的起居室。

也许，和许多美国人一样，你已经变得习惯了甚至期待着它。

但是退后一步从孩子们的眼中来看看这个杀人行为的万花筒，再考虑下电视暴力在美国新一代中所扮演的角色，你会发现电视暴力是真的是如此的让人讨厌。

电视放映的暴力混乱被看作是美国暴力犯罪盛行的最主要的原因。

它是5月12日国会听证会的主题。

我代表美国步枪协会参加了听证会，和全国的人类行为和心理学的专家们持相同的意见，都号召结束或者至少是减少暴力行为的播放，它在社会上已经造起了严重的代价。

正如华盛顿大学的流行性病学教授，布兰登S. 森特瓦尔博士说明道：自从20世纪50年代以来美国的杀人犯罪率提高了一倍。

作为。

研究小组的一员，我的职责是决定什么原因。

许多种可能的原因都调查过了，包括：生育高峰的影响，城市化发展趋势，经济动向（发展趋势），酗酒的趋向，死刑的影响，社会动荡的影响，武器的可得性，观看电视。

森特瓦尔博士继续说道：“在经过为期七年多的调查，每一个声称的原因都用各种方法检验过了，为的是看看是否这个原因可以作为美国暴力成倍增长的可靠因子被淘汰掉。

结果，一个接着一个的原因都是无效的，只剩下电视暴力。

如果这个对你来说是恐怖的，思考下这个：在他的1989年的著名的调查中，森特瓦尔总结道：“据估计，观看电视Etiologically和大约美国一半的杀人事件存在着因果关系，和大约每年10，000起杀人事件，和美国大部分的或许是一半的强奸，暗杀和其他形式的人和人之间的暴力存在着因果关系。

虽然并不是所有人都同意森特瓦尔对问题严重性的估计，很少有人会质问他的断定：好莱坞流血杀人剧情确实从延伸到了我们的生活中。

正如。

证明的，电视暴力和人类侵犯的因果关系已经被牢固地建立起来长达几乎20年了。

但是直到现在电视台还是不愿意去改变。

这就是为什么在1990年国会通过了电视暴力法案，这个法案允许电视台合作，再是制定一个电视台和公众可以接受播放标准。

问题是暴力卖座。

媒体的行政人员们知道这点而且从中获取了利润。

更多的观众意味着更高的收视率，更高的收视率意味着更多的广告收入。

因此，正如。

发现的，80%的电视节目包含着暴力剧情。

但是暴力就像是毒品：观众对暴力剧情形成了忍受力，所以媒体“商贩”渐渐地增加了暴力片段。

实际上，黄金时间电视播放已经达到了平均每小时12个暴力片段。

由。

进行的最新的一个调查发现暴力在儿童的节目中达到了一个历史新高点——每小时32个暴力片段。

而且据最新的一个电视。

研究计算，在18个小时的电视观看时间内就有1845个暴力片段，大约每个小时就有100个暴力片段，或者说每36秒就有一个。

虽然成年人可能仅仅视所有的电视暴力为最新的“动作娱乐片”，儿童们并不理解。

心理学们都认为三到四岁的儿童，他们不能区分现实和虚幻。

对于他们电视就是现实的反映，而且他们发现是一个不太友好的地方。

而且，青少年观众群
体庞大，儿童几乎每天看四小时的电视，在城区那个数字达到了十一个小时之多，这也就意味着在大多数情况下，电视就是现实。

而且这种电视暴力瘾正在逐渐造成及其恶劣的影响。

美国联邦调查局和户口普查资料显示十七岁儿童的杀人逮捕率在1985到1991年之间增加了一倍以上，十五岁和16岁的逮捕率增加地甚至更快。

心理学家指出了电视暴力的一些影响：孩子们被告知这个社会通常是暴力的。

他们变得过于害怕受到迫害因此也变得更不容易去帮助犯罪受害者。

他们自己也变得更加地侵犯性和暴力。

通过电视暴力法案，几个主要的电视台已经同意了一套在他们的电视节目中减少无道理电视暴力的标准。

但是，直到现在，也没什么变化；电视台的行政人员保证情况到了1993年的秋季会有所转好。

饶有讽刺意味的是，今年的电视暴力国会听证会是在五月——“收视率调查月份”,而那时候正是电视台竞争收视率的时候，收视率将会决定他们明年的广告收入。

一些评论家称1993年五月为电视历史上的其中一个最暴力的收视率调查月份.
在过去的一年中，电视娱乐的行政人员断然驳斥了电视暴力的危险，然而在五月的听证会上，作证的电视台领导们更愿意改变——或者说他们自己是这样说的。

但是，他们的话听起来不诚恳，特别考虑到他们收视率调查月份节目播放的“暴行”。

哥伦比亚广播公司的主席霍华德全国广播公司的主席华伦李托菲尔德美国广播公司的主席托马斯S墨菲都在国会听证会上作了发言。

Stringer 在会上谈到了他电视台“原则”: “严肃”“责任”和“慎重和大量的讨论”——然而流血片段似乎是没有止境。

然后在几天后的华盛顿邮报上的一个故事中，Stringer指责了武器的危害：“ 在美国有200 000 000支枪，66000000支手枪。

那和暴力有着很大的关系。

”（读者们也许会记得Stringer的电视台的分公司，华盛顿广播公司最近刚刚拒绝了美国步枪协会的关于刑事审判制度失败新商业广告。

哥伦比亚广播公司分公司给出的非凡的接口是这个商业广告易于激怒或者煽动。

除了立法以外，如果没有来自市民们统一的基层压力国会听证会取得不了多大的成效。

最后，你的信件，你的电话，你的传真都是和削减电视暴力因此控制犯罪和保护你的第二修正案的权利斗争的最好的弹药。

当你在电视节目中看到毫无意义，没有道理的暴力的例子的时候，给电视台的行政人员写信让他们知道你的感受。

更好的是，记录下来在暴力节目中间做广告的产品和服务，然后对这些公司的领导者们表达出义愤。

最后，只有你——作为一个消费者，电视观众，投票者——能够要求终止血染我们社会的电视暴力。

如果每一个美国步枪协会的成员和枪支拥有者能够在这场战斗中尽他们的力，我们能够削减这个严重危害我们的孩子们和人权法案的电视破坏。

Language study
2.3.1 Turn on your TV virtually any time of any day and you can bring a carnival of murder, mayhem and bloodshed right into your living room.
1）virtually adv.
to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true 几乎；实际上
Examples：His contributions have run through virtually all of modern astronomy.
他的贡献几乎遍及现代天文学的所有领域。

So, it's virtually risk-free for you.
所以，事实上对您而言，是完全没有风险的。

2）carnival n.
(a special occasion or period of) public enjoyment and entertainment involving wearing unusual clothes, dancing, and eating and drinking, usually held in the roads of a city 嘉年华，狂欢
a carnival of。

的狂欢
Examples: The last twenty-four hours have witnessed a carnival of brutality.
在过去的二十四小时里，我亲眼目睹了残忍的活剧。

Topsy would hold a perfect carnival of confusion, for some one or two hours.
托普西就会恣意胡闹上一、二个小时。

2)menace n. something that is likely to cause harm；someone or something that is
dangerous and likely to cause harm有危险性的人(或物)；
Examples: A man who drives fast is a menace to other people.
开快车的人对其他人是个威胁。

These weapons are a menace to world peace.
这些武器是对世界和平的威胁。

4）right adv. It is used for emphasis.
Example: I'll be right back/I'll be right with you (= I will return very soon).
我马上就回来。

Translation:几乎在任何一天的任何时候打开电视，你就会把一场谋杀，混乱，流血杀人事件的狂欢带入你的起居室。

2.3.2 Maybe, like many Americ ans, you‘re grown accustomed to it and even expect it.
accustomed adj.
grow accustomed to to gradually start to feel that something is normal or natural 习惯于
be(get, become, grow) accustomed to习惯于
Example: He soon gets accustomed to dormitory life and make two or three friend.
他不久就逐渐习惯了宿舍的生活并交了两三个朋友。

accustom oneself to使自己习惯于
Example: You must accustom yourself to getting up early.
你必须使自己习惯于早起。

Translation: 也许，和许多美国人一样，你已经变得习惯了甚至期待着它。

2.3.3But step back and look at this kaleidoscope of killing through the eyes of a child——and consider what role it’s played for America’s new generation of ultra-violent killers——and you see what a menace TV violence really is.
1) step back to temporarily stop being involved in an activity or situation in order to think about it in a new way进入毫无意义的地位
Example: Let's step back and ask whether it is worth all the trouble.
让我们后退一步问问这些麻烦是不是划得来。

From time to time, the teachers should step back and let their pupils run things their own way.
有时，教师应该不介入而让学生以他们自己的方式处理事情。

2) kaleidoscope of a changing and enjoyable mixture or pattern (of patterns)
kaleidoscope n. something that is made up of a lot of different and frequently changing colours or elements万花筒
a scene, situation, or experience that keeps changing and has many different aspects: Examples: His paintings are a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors.
他的油画色彩斑斓, 变化万千.
The search lights and the fireworks made the sky a kaleidoscope of color.
探照灯和焰火使得天空的颜色千变万化。

3) Ultra prefix extreme or extremely: extremely violent 超级暴力Translation: 但是退后一步从孩子们的眼中来看看这个杀人行为的万花筒，再考虑下电视暴力在美国新一代中所扮演的角色，你会发现电视暴力是真的是如此的让人讨厌。

2.3.4 I represented NRA at the hearings and was joined by the nation’s leading experts on human behavior and psychology to call for an end—or at least a reduction—of the broadcast brutali ty that’s taking such a vicious toll on society.
1) was joined to come into the company of；share the same opinion of
2) call for demand that it should happen要求
Examples: Different circumstances call for different tactics.
不同的情势需要不同的策略。

More work does not necessarily call for more men.
增加工作不一定需要增添人员。

3) take a vicious toll on
vicious extremely unkind or unpleasant: extremely violent: 恶毒的，凶残的；剧烈的，严重的
Example: Your vicious dog is menacing my cat!
你那条恶狗对我家的猫太凶了！
take a toll it has a bad effect or causes a lot of suffering.
Examples: The war took a heavy toll of human life.
这次战争夺去了许多人的生命.
Long before, the bad weather took its toll.
坏天气造成恶果是很久以前的事。

Translation: 我代表美国步枪协会参加了听证会，和全国的人类行为和心理学的专家们持相同的意见，都号召结束或者至少是减少暴力行为的播放，它在社会上已经造起了严重的代价。

2.3.5 As Dr. Brandon S. Centerwall, professor of epidemiology at the university of Washington, explained: “The US national homicide rate has doubled since the 1950s.
1) epidemiology the scientific study of infectious diseases and their causes n. 传染病学,流行病学
Example: of or relating to epidemiology.
属于或关于流行病学的。

2) homicide n. US FORMAL OR LEGAL (an act of) murder; the crime of killing someone杀人;杀人罪
Example: The homicide rate has doubled in the last ten years.
在过去10年里，杀人犯罪率提高了一倍
Translation:正如华盛顿大学的流行性病学教授，布兰登S. 森特瓦尔博士说明道：自从20世纪50年代以来美国的杀人犯罪率提高了一倍。

2.3.6 A wide array of possible causes was examined—the baby boom’s effect, trends in urbanization, economic trends, trends in alcohol abuse, the role of capital punishment, the effects of civil unrest, the availability of firearms, exposure to television.
1) an array of a large number or wide range of them大量的
Examples: an array of heavily armed troops
大批全副武装的部队
an array of spare parts
大批零配件
an array of players
一队(阵容强大的)球类运动员
2) urbanization the process of creating towns in country areas 城市化
Example: Urbanization will become increasingly important in the future.
城市化将来将变得越来越重要
Translation: 许多种可能的原因都调查过了，包括：生育高峰的影响、城市化发展趋势、经济动向（发展趋势）、酗酒的趋向、死刑的影响、社会动荡的影响，武器的可得性、观看电视。

2.3.7 …each of these purported causes was tested in a variety of w ays to see whether it could be eliminated as a credible contributor to the doubling of rates of violence …
1) purported adj. said by some people to be real or true, but not proved to be real or true谣传的;号称的
Example: the purported author of the story.
这个故事传说中的作者
2) eliminate vt. to remove or take away.排除，消除，根除；淘汰
Example: She went through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it.
她认真检查了打字稿,排除了所有的错误
3) credible adj. able to be believed or trusted可信的,可靠的
Example: It seems neither necessary nor credible.
这看来既非必需，也不可信。

4) contributor n. one of the causes of an event or situation, especially if that event or situation is an unpleasant one 原因
Example: Soil erosion is a main contributor to water pollution.
土壤侵蚀是水污染的一个主要根源。

Translation: 每一个声称的原因都用各种方法检验过了，为的是看看是否这个原因可以作为美国暴力成倍增长的可靠因子被淘汰掉。

2.3.8 And, one by one, each of them was invalidated, except for television. invalidate.vt. prove that it is wrong or cause it to be wrong使无效
Example: A faulty signature may invalidate a cheque.
签名的笔迹不对会使支票无效。

Translation: 结果，一个接着一个的原因都是无效的，只剩下电视暴力。

2.3.9 ，“it is estimated that exposure to television is etiologically (causally) related to…
1) it is estimated据估计
it is said/reported/estimated that 据说/报道/估计
Example: It is estimated that the meeting will last four days.
这次会议预计要开4天
2) etiologically adj.
etiology n. the scientific study of the cause of diseases [医]病因学, 病源论
Ｅxample：Hypnotic is the choice drug which etiologically and semeiologically treats insomnia.
【中英文摘要】催眠药物是对失眠症进行对因和对症治疗的首选药物。

Translation: 观看电视Etiologically 和大约美国一半的杀人事件存在着因果关系，
2.3.10 While not all agree with Centerwall’s assessment of the problem’s severity, few challenge his claim that Hollywood bloodshed does spill out from the screen and into our lives.
1) assessment n.a)a consideration of someone or something and a judgment about them b) the process of making a judgment or forming an opinion, after considering something or someone carefully n.估计；评估
Example: He made a careful assessment of the situation.
他对形势作了细致的评估
2) severity ｎ．the seriousness of something bad or unpleasant n.严厉；严重；Example: Blunt injury to the skull may be of varying severity.
3) challenge vt. question their truth, value, or authority 质疑
Example: I challenge that interpretation.
我对那一解释提出质疑。

3)spill out from…into… a lot of them leave at the same time
He knocks the bucket over and all the water spill out
他撞翻了水桶, 水全流出去了
Translation: 虽然并不是所有人都同意森特瓦尔对问题严重性的估计，很少有人会质问他的断定：好莱坞流血杀人剧情确实从延伸到了我们的生活中。

2.3.11 But until recently the TV networks have been reluctant to change.
reluctant to not very willing to do something and therefore slow to do it不情愿的；勉强的
Examples: She was [seemed] reluctant to go with him.
她不愿意[好像不愿意] 跟他去
He was reluctant to admit any of the ample evidence.
他对这些充分证据的任何部分都不愿承认其有效
Translation: 但是直到现在电视台还是不愿意去改变。

2.3.12 …with whi ch they and the public could live.
live with to put up with , accept, tolerant 忍受，忍耐
Examples：You'll have to learn to live with it, I'm afraid.
我看, 你得学会容忍这种现实.
We find newspaper ballyhoo difficult to live with.
我们觉得难以容忍报纸的夸大宣传。

Translation: 一个电视台和公众可以接受播放标准
2.3.13The problem is, violence sells.
sell vi. it is bought by the public, usually in fairly large quantities卖座
Example: Her name will help to sell the film.
有她的名字，这部影片就卖座。

Translation: 问题是暴力卖座。

2.3.14 More viewers means higher ratings, which add up to more advertising dollars.
add up to result in that total when they are put together合计达，总括起来、意味着
Examples: I don't think these facts will add up to anything.
这些事实我看不说明任何问题。

The figures add up to 137.
这些数目加起来总和是一百三十七。

Translation: 更多的观众意味着更高的收视率，更高的收视率意味着更多的广告收入。

2.3.15 But violence is like a drug: viewers develop a tolerance for it, so media “pushers” give them steadily more.
pusher n. someone who sells illegal drugs (毒品等的)非法销售者
Example: The neighbourhood pusher got Joe a fix.
邻里的不法商贩给乔打了一针毒品。

Translation: 但是暴力就像是毒品：观众对暴力剧情形成了忍受力，所以媒体“商贩”渐渐地增加了暴力片段。

2.3.16 Typically, prime-time programming has averaged 8 to 12 violent acts per hour.
1) prime-time the time when the largest number of people are watching or listening:黄金时段
Example: Now it is prime time.
现在是黄金时间。

2) average n. the result obtained by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts平均,平均数
Examples: Her brother is above average in his reading ability.
他的阅读能力在平均水平以上
The average of 4, 6 and 8 is 6.
4，6，8的平均数是6。

adj. an average number is obtained by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts一般的,通常的,平均的
Examples: The average salary is correlated with length of education.
平均薪俸和教育时间之长短有互相的关联。

The average age of the boys here is ten.
这些孩子的平均年龄是十岁。

He is an average man, there's nothing special about him.
他是个普通人, 并没有什么异乎常人的地方
v. produce that amount as an average over a period of time 平均
Example: Meals at school average out to about 10 yuan per day.
在学校伙食平均每天大致10元.
Translation: 实际上，黄金时间电视播放已经达到了平均每小时12个暴力片段2.3.17 While adults may see all this TV mayhem as just the latest “ action entertainment”, children don’t get it.
get it understand 明白
Example: Can't you get it into your thick skull that we can't afford it?
你这个笨脑瓜难道还不明白我们买不起吗?
Translation: 虽然成年人可能仅仅视所有的电视暴力为最新的“动作娱乐片”，儿童们并不理解。

2.3.18 Psychologists agree that up to ages three and four, children can’t distinguish fact from fantasy.
1) up to used to say that something is less than or equal to but not more than a stated value, number or level: 至多，直到
Example: Up to two hundred people were on board the ship.
多达200个人上了那条船。

2) distinguish …from…differentiate; to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another 区分Examples: He can distinguish a genuine antique from a reproduction.
他能区别真正的古董和复制品。

He could not distinguish cotton from wool.
他不能辨认是棉花还是羊毛。

Translation: 心理学们都认为三到四岁的儿童，他们不能区分现实和虚幻。

2.3.19 FBI and census data show that homicide arrest rate…
census n. a count for official purpose; especially one to count the number of people living in a country and to obtain information about them人口普查，统计Examples: According to the latest census, our population has increased.
根据最近调查，我国的人口有增加
This country has just carried out a census.
这个国家刚刚进行过人口普查。

Translation: 美国联邦调查局和户口普查资料
2.3.20 They become disproportionately frightened of being victimized and become less likely to help victims of crime.
disproportionately adv.
disproportionate adj. too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its importance or influence: 不成比例
Example: Babies often seem to have disproportionately large heads.
婴儿往往显得头部过大.
Translation: 他们变得过于害怕受到迫害因此也变得更不容易去帮助犯罪受害者。

2.3.21 …to reduce the lev el of gratuitous violence in their programs.
gratuitous adj. unnecessary, and often harmful or upsetting 无缘无故的；免费的Example: Gratuitous violence repels (most people).
无端使用暴力则激起民愤.
His films are full of gratuitous violence.
他拍的影片充满了不必要的暴力。

Translation:在他们的电视节目中减少无道理电视暴力
2.3.22Whereas in years past, entertainment executives flatly refuted the dangers of TV violence, the network heads who testified during May hearings were more receptive of change—or they said so.
1) flatly adv. refuse or disagree with something or someone completely or in a very clear and definite way; in a way that lacks emotion or interest: 断然地,平淡地Examples: I flatly refuse to come.
我断然拒绝来。

"He is dead," said Alice flatly.
"他死了",艾丽斯冷漠地说道
2) refute vt. o say or prove that a person, statement, opinion, etc. is wrong or false 驳斥，驳倒t
Examples: I was able to refute his argument.
我能驳倒他的论点。

Historical facts refute such a fallacy.
历史事实驳斥了这种谎言。

3) receptive of willing to listen to and accept new ideas and suggestions; able or quick to receive new ideas, suggestions, etc （对新的思想﹑建议等）易於接受的, 接受得快的:
Examples: He is receptive of new thoughts.
他善於接纳新思想
To be patiently receptive of just criticism and profit from its teaching.
耐心接纳合理的批评，并从中获益。

Translation: 在过去的一年中，电视娱乐的行政人员断然驳斥了电视暴力的危险，然而在五月的听证会上，作证的电视台领导们更愿意改变——或者说他们自己是这样说的。

2.3.23 Still, their words somehow ring hollow, especially given the brutality of their “sweeps month” programming.
ring hollow to seem to be false, or implausible听起来不诚恳
Examples: His promises always ring hollow.
他的种种许诺听上去都是空话
He declared that he was telling the truth, but his words rang hollow.
他宣称他说的是真话，可是他的话听起来不诚恳。

Translation: 但是，他们的话听起来不诚恳，特别考虑到他们收视率调查月份节目播放的“暴行”。

2.3.24 …, affiliate of Stringer’s network,…
affiliate vt.to cause a group to become part of or form a close relationship with another, usually larger, group or organization 使隶(附)属于
Example: affiliate with an American firm
和美国公司联合
n. a connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organization: .附属机构,分公司
Example: an affiliate of the Red Cross
红十字会的分会
Translation: Stringer的电视台的分公司
2.3.25 Barring legislation, congressional hearings can’t accomplish much without unified grassroots pressure from citizens.
barring prep not including or allowing for (sth);.除...以外; if there is/are not如果没有?某事物?
Examples: Barring accidents, I'll be there.
除非有意外事故，我会一定到场的。

Now, barring all that, I mean to say she is a deuced fine girl!"
倒是我觉得她是一个非常漂亮的姑娘。

”
Translation: 除了立法以外，如果没有来自市民们统一的基层压力国会听证会取得不了多大的成效。

2.3.26 Better yet, make a note of what products or services are advertised during violent programs, and voice your outrage to the leaders of those companies.
1) make a note of vt. memory or make a record of 记录
Example: I will make a note of that man's name.
我会记下那个人的名字。

I make a note of it.
我记一下。

2)voice vt.to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint, etc. that you have about it说(话)
Example: The workers voiced their indignation at being unfairly dismissed.
对被不公正解雇一事工人们表示愤慨。

Translation: 更好的是记录下来在暴力节目中间做广告的产品和服务，然后对这些公司的领导者们表达出义愤。