英语句子成分划分详解
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概念
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 句子成分分类 1.主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如: ● 讲述“谁”-----人 We work in a big factory. ● 讲述“什么”----物
The classroom is very big. ● 数词作主语----人或物
Three are enough. 三个人就够了
● 不定式作主语-----事《相当于语文中的短语:争取冠军是有可能的》 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor ’s job. ● 从句作主语------一件事(句子)《例:张三打人是不对的》 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. ▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:
There are some bottles of milk in the box.《some bottles of milk are in the box.》 ▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it 作形式主语。如: It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick ”. It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2.谓语
谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如:
He is very generous. She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job.
He can speak German. (can 在中文中是助词,帮助动词的,状语;
英语中叫情态动词,
作状语) 3.表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当叫系动词了(是/呈现/象/ 形容词作表语
You are younger than before. 名词作表语
My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the 不定式作表语
4充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。如: 名词作宾语
He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语 He often helps me. 不定式作宾语
He likes to sleep in the open air. 动名词作宾语
从句做宾语-----------------一个句子做宾语
(及时) 5 还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如: 名词作宾补
If you let me go, I ’ll make you king. 形容词作宾补
Don ’t make hands dirty. 副词作宾补
We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 介词短语作宾补 Make herself at home. 省略to 的不定式作宾补
I saw a girl go into the house. 带to 的不定式作宾补
The boy ordered the dog to lie down.
在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:
▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave 等。 We call him Jack.
They made Li Lei their monitor (班长).
▲“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want
等。如:
Do you think his idea wrong?
We must keep. our classroom clean
We can’t leave him alone(单独).
Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?
▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如:
Let him in/ out.
Mr. Li drove us home.
When got there, we found him out.
▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系。如:
We found everything in good order.
We regard him as our good friend.
He find out some of his friends in the rain.
▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种:
A 要求带to的不定式
The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.
B 要求不带to 的不定式let, make, see, hear, watch等
The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.
I often hear him read English in his room.
C 单词help 后可加to 或不加to
She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.
6.定语
▲定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如:形容词作定语
The black bike is mine.
代词作定语
What’s your name?