外国论文格式

外国论文格式
【篇一：一般国外论文写法概述 (1)】
同学：
你好！
感谢你对我们公司英文撰稿人岗位的关注，以下是国外论文写法的
一个概述以及写论文时需要注意的问题，相信在你仔细阅读都对国
外论文的写作会有一个大致的了解，希望能给你在测试或者以后合
作得过程中有所帮助，谢谢！———————————————————————————————————————
1. 老师一般的任务有report和essay之分，report与essay相比，主要多了executive summary
和table of the content之分，report与essay中一般要求有introduction 和conclusion。

essay中主要有三大块introduction，main body 和conclusion，其中main body尽量少用标题。

2. introduction 的写法。

introduction的四个主要部分，文章的写
作背景，作者的目的，对
读者的作用和文章的结构。

3. executive summary 的写法。

写的几个方面和introduction差
不多，而executive summary
注重阐明文章的结论，而introduction注重阐述文章的结构。

4. 老师主要从三个方面对文章进行审查，一是格式，二是语言，三
是内容。

格式主要是指
reference以及文章的大致安排符合要求，具体见附件部分，语言
主要是看是否符合学术性语言，不要出现口语化的词语或句子。

例如：文章中不要出现i等指代不明的词语。

可以换成the author来
代替。

不要出现we，us，their的词语，可用it can be concluded that来替代。

尽量不要用太绝对的语言，用的话请引用reference
证明。

内容主要是看文章是否跑题，只要按老师给的作业要求来写
就成，当然如果有拿不准的地方，可以询问老师或者先做一份提纲
发给老师看看。

5. reference的写法。

见附件部分。

请注意出现在文章最好reference的部分一定要在文章中标识出来。

例如文章出现句子：that is to say, the rise of the competitive
industries is not alone, and it usually is associated with a strong rise of the relevant domestic industry (porter, 1990). reference中就会出现
porter, m. (1990) the competitive advantage of nations. new york: free press.
两个作者中间用连接，三个作者时，第一二个中间用逗号，第二三个作者中间用连接。

其他具体的可以看附件部分关于reference的写法。

6. 全文都要求用times new romen, 小四，正文部分两端对齐，1.5倍行距。

7. 英国引用数据分定性数据（一些结论性的语言）和定量数据，对于这些数据作者要用reference 标识出来。

reference的引用标准是1000词最少5个reference。

8. 文章的字数是从introduction算到conclusion，字数要控制在不多余或少于文章要求字数的50字。

9. 最重要的是不要抄袭，国外有很厉害的反抄袭软件，一般只要是抄袭的（比如在网页上黏贴的或是英文学术论文的句子）都查得出来，即使是抄以前自己写过的文章也会被认为是抄袭，所以作者需
要对看过的东西进行加工，比如同义词替代，改变句式。

有时候作
者没改词语只是对句子进行变换也是抄袭，文章有10%以上的内容是抄袭就会被认为是废品。

所以请大家注意千万不要抄袭。

reference的哈佛格式
参考文献的重要性：
1、老师拿到文章，首先就是看文章最后的参考文献格式，如果格式错误，文章会直接判不过，希望引起足够重视！
2、参考文献的个数一般是每1000字5个，坚决不要中国的参考文献，包括华裔的，所以，请注意！！
references写法
1.rosenzweig, e. d. roth, a.v. (2007) ‘b2b seller competence: construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens’, journal of operations management, 25(6),
pp.1311-1331 杂志的写法该文献在文中的表示方法为：（rosenzweig roth，2007）
cairncross, f. (2001) the death of distance: how the communication revolution will change our lives. 2nd edn.
boston: harvard business school press. 书的文献该文献在文
中的表示方法为：（cairncross，2001）
leiner, b. m et al. (2005) ‘a brief history of the internet’.
internet society [online]
available at: .cn/article/2006/0505/a20060505528312.shtml (accessed: 30 march 2010). 找到作者但是没有找到文章明的网络
资源该文献在文中的表示方法为：（qing，2006）
apple quick time (2002) available at:/quicktime/ (accessed: 23 august 2003).找不到作者的网络资源文献该文献在文中的表示方法为：（apple quick time，2002）
franklin, a. w. (2002) ‘management of the problem’, in smith,
s.m. (ed.) the maltreatment of children. lancaster: mtp, pp.83–95. 书中一部分的参考文献该文献在文中的表示方法为：（franklin，2002）
(2003) (accessed: 5 september 2003). 找不到作者以及文章名该
文献在文中的表示方法为：（/dvideo/compression.html，2003）
备注：这个文献一般不推荐使用
cox, a. currall, j. (2001) ‘do they need to know’, ariadne, issue 30, december
[online]. available at: /issue30/ (accessed:
23 november 2002). 网络杂志的写法，该文献在文中的表示方法为：（cox currall，2001）
【篇二：国外应用文和学术论文的格式】
application paper
the purpose of the application paper is to give you an opportunity to apply the concepts of psychology to your everyday life. the application paper requires you to integrate a theory from the information weve studied with an event or events from
your personal experience. in other words, you are to use a theory to analyze and to explain something that has taken
place in your life. this is not a theoretical review paper nor is it
a simple report of a personal experience. an in-depth review of the theoretical material that you are going to discuss is not necessary. this is simply repeating what i can find in our text
or in class notes. it would be unnecessary work for you to use space to provide an in-depth review of material already
available. instead, your task becomes one of using this knowledge to consider viable explanations for your and/or others behavior. you want to use your example as an illustration of the theory youve chosen, with your goal being to convince me that you actually do understand what the theory and concepts are all about.
*technical presentation covers :
* paper title
* the abstract
* the introduction
* related work
* the body
* performance experiments
* the conclusions * future work * the acknowledgements * citations * appendices
* grammar and small-scale presentation issues * mechanics
* versions and distribution
tips for writing technical papers
, january 2006 ? here are the notes from a presentation i gave at the friday lunch, 1/27/06, with a few (not many) revisions when i reprised the talk on 12/4/09. the presentation covered: ? ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? running example
as a running (fictitious!) example, suppose youve designed and run experiments with a new algorithm for external multipass merge-sort. your algorithm reduces the complexity from o(n log n) to o(n), under the premise that its acceptable to have some bounded unsortedness in the result. you plan to write up the results for submission to a major conference.
note: this example was used throughout the live presentation but i havent followed through much in these notes. thus, the notes include several exercises for the reader.
paper title
titles can be long and descriptive:linear-time external multipass sorting ?
with approximation guarantees
or short and sweet:
? approximate external sort
heres a middle-of-the-road length, plus a cute name that sticks in peoples minds:
? floosh: a linear-time algorithm for approximate external sort the abstract
state the problem, your approach and solution, and the main contributions of the paper. include little if any background and motivation. be factual but comprehensive. the material in the abstract should not be repeated later word for word in the paper.
(exercise: write an abstract for the multiway sort example.)
the introduction
the introduction is crucially important. by the time a referee has finished the introduction, hes probably made an initial decision about whether to accept or reject the paper -- hell read the rest of the paper looking for evidence to support his decision. a casual reader will continue on if the introduction captivated him, and will set the paper aside otherwise. again, the introduction is crucially important.here is the s patented five-point structure for introductions. unless theres a good argument against it, the introduction should consist of five paragraphs answering the following five questions:
? what is the problem?
? why is it interesting and important?
? why is it hard? (e.g., why do naive approaches fail?)
? why hasnt it been solved before? (or, whats wrong with previous proposed solutions? how does mine differ?)
? what are the key components of my approach and results? also include any specific limitations.
(exercise: answer these questions for the multiway sort example.)
then have a final paragraph or subsection: summary of contributions. it should list the major contributions in bullet form, mentioning in which sections they can be found. this material doubles as an outline of the rest of the paper, saving space and eliminating redundancy.
(exercise: write the bullet list for the multiway sort example.) related work
the perennial question: should related work be covered near the ?
beginning of the paper or near the end?beginning, if it can be short yet detailed enough, or if its critical to take a strong defensive stance about previous work right away. in this case related work can be either a subsection at the end of the introduction, or its own section 2.
? end, if it can be summarized quickly early on (in the introduction or preliminaries), or if sufficient comparisons require the technical content of the paper. in this case related work should appear just before the conclusions, possibly in a more general section discussion and related work.
the body
guideline #1: a clear new important technical contribution should have been articulated by the time the reader finishes page 3 (i.e., a quarter of the way through the paper).
guideline #2: every section of the paper should tell a story. (dont, however, fall into the common trap of telling the entire story of how you arrived at your results. just tell the story of the results themselves.) the story should be linear, keeping the reader engaged at every step and looking forward to the next step. there should be no significant interruptions -- those can go in the
appendix; see below.
aside from these guidelines, which apply to every paper, the structure of the body varies a lot depending on content. important components are:
? running example: when possible, use a running example throughout the paper. it can be introduced either as a subsection at the end of the introduction, or its own section 2 or 3 (depending on related work).
? preliminaries: this section, which follows the introduction and possibly related work and/or running example, sets up
notation and terminology that is not part of the technical contribution. one important function of this section is to delineate material thats not original but is needed for the paper. be concise -- remember the critical rule of thumb.
? content: the meat of the paper includes algorithms, system descriptions, new language constructs, analyses, etc. whenever possible use a top-down description: readers should be able to see where the material is going, and they should be able to skip ahead and still get the idea.
performance experiments
we could have an entire treatise on this topic alone and i am surely not the expert. here are some random thoughts:
?
?
?
? many conferences expect experiments. its easy to do hokey or meaningless experiments, and many papers do. its easy to craft experiments to show your work in its best light, and most papers do. what should performance experiments measure? possiblities:
o .. pure running time
o .. sensitivity to important parameters
o .. scalability in various aspects: data size, problem complexity, ...
o .. others?
? what should performance experiments show? possibilities:
o .. absolute performance (i.e., its acceptable/usable)
o .. relative performance to naive approaches
o .. relative performance to previous approaches
o .. relative performance among different proposed approaches
o .. others?
the conclusions
in general a short summarizing paragraph will do, and under no circumstances should the paragraph simply repeat material from the abstract or introduction. in some cases its possible to now make the original claims more concrete, e.g., by referring to quantitative performance results. future work
【篇三：外国语系毕业论文格式规范模板】
华南农业大学珠江学院
毕业论文（设计）删去
an analysis of the ecological crisis reflected in the films of 2012, the day after tomorrow, japan sinks times new roman 三号不加下划
线居中
张三仿宋_gb2312 小三居中
指导教师：xx（讲师）
系：外国语系年级专业：2010级英语（商务英语）x班
提交日期：2013年 x月xx日答辩日期： 2013年x月xx日
答辩委员会主席（签名）：
评阅人（签名）：
年月日
abstract：字体time new romans小四加粗 ever since human being emerged on this planet, they have been in conflicts with nature. the history of the development of human civilization is also that of man’s increasing destruction of nature. as a result of science and technology revolution, humans gradually master the great technology and have power to put an end to all poverty, but they also possess the power to destroy the world, leaving it uninhabitable and lifeless. although human being has created enormous wealth, but these are achieved at the cost to their living environment. the past several decades have witnessed such great changes in the environment that various problems and disasters appeared one by one. ecological crisis, such as soaring population, unbalanced ecological system and natural resource shortage, continues to pose great threat to the human beings’ survival a nd development. the notion that people are blessed with an abundance of resources has led to the misuse and abuse of the resource. this paper aims at expounding the alerting functions of movies in politics, economy and culture by describing the ecological crisis in the films 2012, the day after tomorrow and japan sinks. the ecological crisis in these three films can be traced in the history of human beings. consequently, this paper collects related data to prove the crisis of nuclear leaking, hurricane and earthquake in the films. 英文摘要正文字体time new romans小四常规
key words: 字体time new romans小四加粗conflicts，ecological crisis， films，alerting functions 英文关键词用time new romans小四常规关键词之间用逗号
摘要：字体宋体小四加粗自人类出现始，人类就与自然处在相互
冲突之中。

人类发展的文明史同样记载了人类破坏自然的历史。

随
着新科技革命的产生，人类逐渐掌握了强大的科技和力量，这些力
量足以阻止人类一切的贫穷，同时，也会毁灭世界，使其变成一个
无法居住的不毛之地。

尽管人类创造了前所未有的财富，与此同时，人类的生存环境也为此做出了很大的牺牲。

过去的几十年见证了地
球环境的巨大变化，各种各样的问题和灾难接踵而至。

生态危机，
如人口激增、生态失调、自然资源短缺等已对人类的生存和发展造
成了很大的威胁。

有人认为人类拥有了富足的资源，这种想法导致
了人类对资源的误用和滥用。

因此，这篇论文旨在通过对电影《2012》《后天》《日本沉没》
中生态危机的描述，阐释生态危机在经济上，政治上和文化上的警
示作用。

其中，三部电影所反映出来的生态危机都能在人类历史中
找到痕迹。

因此，这篇论文将收集有关数据，为电影中核泄露、风、地震提供佐证。

摘要正文用宋体小四常规
关键词：冲突生态危机电影警示作用“关键词”三字字体宋体小
四加粗各个关键词字体宋体小四常规
关键词：冲突生态危机电影警示作用“关键词”三字字体宋体小
四加粗各个关键词字体宋体小四常规
contents times new roman目录要自动生成四号加粗居中
Ⅰintroduction .................................................................................. (1)
Ⅱecological
crisis ................................................................................................. (2)
2.1. ecology.............................................................................................. .. (2)
2.2. ecological
crisis ................................................................................................. (2)
2.2.1 causes of ecological crisis.................................................................................................. .. (3)
2.3. historical scientific data of some
accidents (4)
2.3.1. the leakiness in the chernobyl nuclear power station of the former soviet union (4)
Ⅲ ecological crisis in the films of 2012, the day after tomorrow, and japan sinks (5)
3.1. introduction of the film
2012 ................................................................................................... .. (5)
3.1.1. ecological crisis in the
film .................................................................................................... (6)
3.2. introduction of the film the day after
tomorrow (6)
3.3. introduction of the film japan
sinks .................................................................................................. . (7)
Ⅳ the alerting functions of ecological
crisis (8)
4.1. the alerting function on
politics .............................................................................................. (9)
4.2. the alerting function on
economy ........................................................................................... . (10)
4.2.1 green
economy ........................................................................................... .. (11)
4.3. the alerting function on
culture ............................................................................................... (13)
4.3.1. on education........................................................................................... (13)
Ⅴ
conclusion ........................................................................................ ................................... 15 notes
bibliography
acknowledgement
备注：①目录中一级标题为 times new roman 小四加粗，二级、三级标题为
times new roman 五号常规字体②目录中一级标题中第一个单词的首字母大写，其它实词的首字母均大写；③目录中二级或三级标题中第一个单词的首字母大写，其它单词的首字母均不大写。