内燃机简介
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consisting essentially of an air compressor, a combustion chamber, and a turbine wheel that is turned by the expanding products of combustion.）
2
内燃机的发明与发展 Invention & Development of IC Engine
Gas and air were drawn into the cylinder during the first half of the piston stroke. The charge was then ignited with a spark, the pressure increased ,and the burned gases then delivered power to the piston for the second half of the stroke. The cycle was completed with an exhaust stroke. Some 5000 of these engines were built in sizes up to six horsepower. Efficiency was at best about 5 percent )
chemical energy contained in the fuel（将燃料中化学能转 化为机械功的热力发动机）
内燃机(internal-combustion engine,ICE) ——Reciprocating
ICE This energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel
1860年，莱诺依尔(J.J.E. Lenoir )首先发明了一种大气压力 式内燃机(Atmospheric Engine,单缸、二冲程、无压缩和电 点火的煤气机 ) 。
煤气和空气在活塞的上半个行程被吸入气缸，然后被火花点燃； 后半个行程为膨胀行程，燃烧的煤气推动活塞下行膨胀做功。活塞 上行时开始排气行程，这种发动机在燃烧前没有压缩行程，热效率 低于5％，最大功率为4.5kW，共生产了约5000台。
inside the engine. The actual working fluids are the fuel-air mixture before combustion and the burned products after combustion .（燃料在机器内部燃烧而将能量释放做功的，它的 工质在燃烧前是燃油与空气的混合气，在燃烧后则是燃烧产物。）
3
1876年，Otto提出四冲程循环内燃机（即进气、着火前的压缩、 膨胀与排气）这种发动机的热效率提高到了14％，而质量则减 少了近70％，有效地投入工业使用而形成了内燃机工业。
To overcome this engine’s shortcomings of low thermal efficiency and excessive weight, Otto proposed an engine cycle with four piston strokes:an intake stroke, then a compression stroke before ignition, an expansion or power stroke where work was delivered to the crankshaft ,and finally an exhaust stroke. His prototype fore-stroke engine first ran in 1876.This was the breakthrough that effectively founded the ICE industry
These two types of engine （ SI ， CI ） have found wide application in transportation (land ,sea and air) and power generation.
燃 气 轮 机 （ gas turbine: An internal-combustiБайду номын сангаасn engine
第一章 概论（Chapter 1 Introduction）
第一节 内燃机简史（1.1 History of the ICE）
热机(heat engine- A device that converts heat energy into
work.) It is the production of mechanical power from the
1
外 燃 机 (External-combustion engine): Steam Engine, Stirling
Engine, Steam Turbine
点 燃 式 spark-ignition engines （ 汽 油 机 Otto engines,gasoline
engines, petrol engines ）
压燃式compression-ignition engine（柴油机diesel engine）
内燃机的热效率高(high thermal efficiency)、结构简单(simplicity)、 比质量轻(high power/weight ratio、移动方便(moveable)，因而被广 泛应用于交通运输、农业机械、工程机械和发电时作为动力。
4
N.A.Otto与他的点燃式发动机 5
1890年 Clark, Robson, Benz等发明了二冲程内燃机(即 在膨胀行程末期和压缩行程初期进行进气和排气行程)。
They had successfully developed two-stroke ICE where the exhaust and intake processes occur during the end of the power stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke.
2
内燃机的发明与发展 Invention & Development of IC Engine
Gas and air were drawn into the cylinder during the first half of the piston stroke. The charge was then ignited with a spark, the pressure increased ,and the burned gases then delivered power to the piston for the second half of the stroke. The cycle was completed with an exhaust stroke. Some 5000 of these engines were built in sizes up to six horsepower. Efficiency was at best about 5 percent )
chemical energy contained in the fuel（将燃料中化学能转 化为机械功的热力发动机）
内燃机(internal-combustion engine,ICE) ——Reciprocating
ICE This energy is released by burning or oxidizing the fuel
1860年，莱诺依尔(J.J.E. Lenoir )首先发明了一种大气压力 式内燃机(Atmospheric Engine,单缸、二冲程、无压缩和电 点火的煤气机 ) 。
煤气和空气在活塞的上半个行程被吸入气缸，然后被火花点燃； 后半个行程为膨胀行程，燃烧的煤气推动活塞下行膨胀做功。活塞 上行时开始排气行程，这种发动机在燃烧前没有压缩行程，热效率 低于5％，最大功率为4.5kW，共生产了约5000台。
inside the engine. The actual working fluids are the fuel-air mixture before combustion and the burned products after combustion .（燃料在机器内部燃烧而将能量释放做功的，它的 工质在燃烧前是燃油与空气的混合气，在燃烧后则是燃烧产物。）
3
1876年，Otto提出四冲程循环内燃机（即进气、着火前的压缩、 膨胀与排气）这种发动机的热效率提高到了14％，而质量则减 少了近70％，有效地投入工业使用而形成了内燃机工业。
To overcome this engine’s shortcomings of low thermal efficiency and excessive weight, Otto proposed an engine cycle with four piston strokes:an intake stroke, then a compression stroke before ignition, an expansion or power stroke where work was delivered to the crankshaft ,and finally an exhaust stroke. His prototype fore-stroke engine first ran in 1876.This was the breakthrough that effectively founded the ICE industry
These two types of engine （ SI ， CI ） have found wide application in transportation (land ,sea and air) and power generation.
燃 气 轮 机 （ gas turbine: An internal-combustiБайду номын сангаасn engine
第一章 概论（Chapter 1 Introduction）
第一节 内燃机简史（1.1 History of the ICE）
热机(heat engine- A device that converts heat energy into
work.) It is the production of mechanical power from the
1
外 燃 机 (External-combustion engine): Steam Engine, Stirling
Engine, Steam Turbine
点 燃 式 spark-ignition engines （ 汽 油 机 Otto engines,gasoline
engines, petrol engines ）
压燃式compression-ignition engine（柴油机diesel engine）
内燃机的热效率高(high thermal efficiency)、结构简单(simplicity)、 比质量轻(high power/weight ratio、移动方便(moveable)，因而被广 泛应用于交通运输、农业机械、工程机械和发电时作为动力。
4
N.A.Otto与他的点燃式发动机 5
1890年 Clark, Robson, Benz等发明了二冲程内燃机(即 在膨胀行程末期和压缩行程初期进行进气和排气行程)。
They had successfully developed two-stroke ICE where the exhaust and intake processes occur during the end of the power stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke.