英语语法中的特殊用法讲义01 - 时态和语态

英语语法中的特殊用法讲义

李宪博

（兰州大学信息科学与工程学院，甘肃·兰州 730000）

第1讲 时态和语态

一、一般现在时

1. 表示“预定”或是“安排好”要发生的, 不会轻易改变的未来动作、事情。常用于此类用法的动词有come go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start, begin。

①The plane arrives at 8 o’clock. 飞机八点到。

②School begins on September 6th. 九月六日开学。

2. 在表时间和条件的状语从句中, 用一般现在时代替将来时。

①When Bill comes ask him to wait for me. 比尔回来时让他等我。

②I will write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我一到那就会给你写信。

③You will have to get everything ready for the party before I come this evening.

在我来之前你必须为晚会准备好一切。

3. 英语中一些表“状态和感官”的动词通常不用于进行时：

（1）表存在或位置: be, lie, stand.

（2）表所属: have, own, possess, belong to, fit, suit.

（3）表知觉: see, hear, smell, taste, sound, look, feel, seem, appear.

（4）表认识、信仰、意见、怀疑、猜测、希望: know, think, understand, doubt, suppose, hope, wish. （5）表喜欢、反对、仇恨、厌恶: love, like, prefer, mind, hate, want, dislike, envy.

① Japan lies to the east of China.

② Taiwan belongs to China.

③ Who owns this land?

④ I smell the dinner cooking.

⑤ He doubts whether you will find your lost pen again.

⑥ We love our motherland deeply.

二、现在进行时

1. 与always, constantly, forever, all the time等副词连用, 表示动作反复或习惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈情感在内。表达较强的“责备”或“表扬”之意。

①You are always changing your mind. 你总是主意不定。(太烦人了。)

②He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。(他真是个好人。)

③ The baby is constantly screaming. 宝宝老是尖叫。（不耐烦）

④ He’s forever finding fault with what I do. 他老是找我的茬。（厌烦）

⑤ She’s perpetually nagging. 她老爱唠叨。（厌烦）

⑥ She’s always working. 她总是在工作。(赞赏)

2. see, return, leave, start, visit, go, come, fly, stay等动词可以用进行时表将来。

①He is leaving on Wednesday. 他将于周三离开。

②We are flying to Paris tomorrow. 我们明天将飞往巴黎。

三、一般将来时

[Be going to和will的区别]

1.be going to表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will表示的将来时间则较远一些。

① He is going to write a letter tonight.

② He will write a book one day.

2.be going to表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。

① He is seriously ill. He is going to die.

② He will be twenty years old.

3.be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思，而will 则没有这个意思。

① She is going to lend us her book.

② He will be here in half an hour.

4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用be going to，而多用will。

If any beast comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you.

四、现在完成时

[Have been to与Have gone to的用法]

1. have gone to意为“到某地去”，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一人称、第二人称代词作句子的主语。

—Where is Jim？———吉姆在哪里？

—He has gone to England. ———他去英国了。（尚未回来）

Mr Wang isn't here．He has gone to Qingdao. 王先生不在这里。他去青岛了。

2. have been to意为“曾经去过某地”，现在已不在那里了，后可接次数，如once，twice，three times 等，表示“去过某地几次”，也可和 just，never，ever等连用。

My father has been to Beijing twice. 我父亲去过北京两次。

I have never been to the Great Wall. 我从未去过长城。

have been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用。

I have been in Shanghai for three years. 我到上海已有三年了。

He has been in London for half a month. 他来伦敦已有半个月了。

[Have been away与Have gone away的用法]

1. has been away-----后面必须加上for +一段时间/ since + 时间点这样的结构

He has been away from Shanghai for 5 days.

He has been away from Shanghai since Friday.

2. have gone away------后面不能加for+一段时间 / since+时间点这样的结构,但可以加already, yet.

He has gone away on holiday.

He hasn't gone away yet.