英语如何进行发音英文版

Value of phonetic transcription
• A universal framework for the description of languages – 1 symbol – 1 sound – Many languages lack writing systems
• Superior to many writing systems
lower
upper
example
articulator articulator
(bi-)
labial
bin
labio-
dental
fin
interdental thin
(apico-) alveolar tin
palatal shin
velar
kin
glottal him
Place of articulation
• Defines classes of sounds – Vowels vs. consonants: [a] vs. [d] – Subclasses of vowels: [a] vs. [i] – Subclasses of consonants: [d] vs. [z]
Place of articulation: consonants
Phonetic transcription
• Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptions – E.g. voiceless bilabial stop = [p]
• Different systems of phonetic transcription – ‘Americanist’ – International Phonetic Association
•Upper articulator •Lower articulator
Major lower articulators
Major structures of the tongue
structure tongue tip blade dorsum root
descriptor lingual apical laminal dorsal radical
• Different languages produce sounds at different places of articulation
• Witsuwit’en [qis] ‘king salmon’ vs. English geese [gis]
English consonant place of articulation
Degree of occlusion
• How close are lower and upper articulator? – Relatively close, constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants – Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels
Preparing a transcription
• What are the sounds of the language? • How can they be represented?
Phonetic transcription
1. ‘driftwood’ 2. ‘cane’ 3. ‘footwear’ 4. ‘grease’ 5. ‘straight up’ 6. ‘your collarbone’
adjectival descriptor labial dental alveolar palatal velar nasal laryngeal
Phonetic description
• Consonants: e.g. – Laryngeal setting voiceless – Place of articulation bilabial – Degree of occlusion/manner stop
Phonetic transcription
1. [t z] 2. [th z] 3. [qhE] 4. [XE] 5. [nt q] 6. [nt’ q]
‘driftwood’ ‘cane’
‘footwear’ ‘grease’
‘straight up’ ‘your collarbone’
Vocal tract anatomy
coronal
Description of speech sounds
Main p来自百度文库rameters for consonants:
• Place of articulation • Degree of occlusion (‘manner’) • Oral or nasal • Laryngeal setting
• Transcription of speech sounds • Sound inventories
Vocal tract anatomy
Major structures
structure (noun) lips teeth alveolar ridge hard palate soft palate = velum nasal cavity larynx
Phonetics
LING 200 Spring 2002
What is phonetics?
• Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs
• Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs
• Articulatory phonetics: production of sounds/signs
Articulatory phonetics
Of spoken languages:
• Description of speech sounds – Vocal tract structures relevant for speech