英语文体学基础(语篇结构)

主张—反应模式也叫做主张—反 Situation 主张模式（claim— response/counterclaim pattern)。 I have in my possession a copy of a press release from 其宏观结构包括“情景”，“主 Sir Aaron Klug, the president of the张”, “反应”三部分。 Royal Society dated Claim
几种思维模式的图式
• Example & illustration • Generalization • Example 1 • Example 2 • Example 3
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• • • • •
Narration A story about X event 1 event 2 event 3
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Cause & Effect
Situation (optional)
Most people like to take a camera with them Aspect of situation requiring a response (i.e. Problem) when they travel abroad. But all airports nowadays have X-ray security screening and X rays can damage film. One solution to this problem is Response to purchase a specially designed lead-lined pouch. These are cheap and can protect film from Positive Result/ evaluation Positiveall but the strongest X rays. Evaluation Positive result
• Effect • Contributing cause 1 • Contributing cause 2 • Contributing cause 3
Cause effect 1 effect 2 effect 3
• 据蔡基刚（2003），英语议论文大致有6种模式 • 问题解决型：提出问题或现象—分析造成的原 因—分析产生的影响—提出解决的办法 • 如何做事型：指出做某事的重要性—然后分析如 何做某事的过程 • 比较事物型：提出要比较的事物—指出一事物的 优缺点—指出另一事物的优缺点—平衡两事物或 偏向一事物 • 阐述观点型：提出观点—阐述坚持其重要性—分 析抛弃其危险性 • 评论事物型：提出某事物—指出其优点长处—指 出其缺点短处 • 批驳观点型：提出要批驳的观点—介绍坚持这种 观点的理由—批驳这种观点—提出自己的看法
• 3）问题回答型，也称问题解决型。 这里的问题可以是直接提问的问题， 也可以是某种情况下发生的问题。 回答可以是对所提问题的应答，也 可以是对存在问题的解决办法。其 语篇图式特征为： • Question→ answer/ problem →solution;
• 4) 原因结果型：其常用语篇指示 词有：as a result, consequently, thus, because, according to, therefore, since, for, so, hence等。
问题—解决模式是英语中极为常见的语篇模式，经常用于 说明文、广告、科技文章、实验报告、新闻报道以及故事、 小说等文学作品中。 positive
Evaluation (optional)
combined in a single statement
Basis (optional)
一般—特殊模式又可称作概括—具体模式，其宏观结构由三个成分组成： 概括陈述、具体陈述和总结陈述。其表现形式有两种：先概括再举例； 先整体后细节。 Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examinationGeneralcharacteristics of the statement General statement of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of1footprints, fingerprints, and stray stands of hair, Specific statement Specific statement a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal. After years of work, Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra 0f some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio Specific statement 2 Even and cure of have provided us with the means for preventionmore specific this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, and Even more specific contribute to the store of human knowledge. Specific statement 3 这一模式在宣传材料、自然科学、社会科学的论说文 General statement 中，在文学作品、百科全书中很常见。 General statement
• 按传统的文章体裁，一般可以分为四类， 即描写文，叙述文，说明文和议论文。 （description， narration，exposition and argumentation）。在这几类文体中，说明 文是用途最广的。
• 描写有两种。一种是客观描写，即不搀杂 个人感情和意见的客观描写。另一种是印 象描写。写下作者对某一事物的印象必然 涉及他或她的个人感情和看法。如果说客 观描写的目的是为了使读者知道某事物是 He was one of the greatest scientists the world has ever known, yet if I had to convey the essence of 什么样的话，印象描写则是在此基础上进 Albert Einstein in a single word, I would choose simplicity. Perhaps an anecdote will help. Once, caught in a downpour, 一步引起读者的感情共鸣。
Rejection
Positive evaluation
• Hartwell &Bentley（1982）认为英 语的语篇模式有四种： • 1）列举型：常用于说明做事的顺 序、步骤，也常见于历史读物。常 用的语篇指示词有first, second, last, before等；
• 2）对比型：通常以两个比较项为一组进行 比较，以说明相关思想的同与不同。用于 说明比较项共同点的语篇指示词有and, also, besides, too, next, or, moreover, in addition, further, as well as, likewise, just as, similarly, equally, in the same way, the same as等；用于说明不同点的指示词有： but, however, yet, nevertheless, on the one (other) hand, contrary, in contrast, rather, although, while, different from, oppositely等。
提问—回答模式一般是在语篇的开头提出一个问题，然后语篇的展开主 要是寻求对所提问题的令人满意的回答。其宏观结构是情景、提问、回 答与肯定或否定评价Biblioteka Baidu情景可有可无，若对回答是否定评价，则预示着 模式的循环，直到令人满意的回答。
(Situation)
与问题—解决模式不同的地方在于：提问--回答模式通常在 Question 语篇开头有显性的带有疑问号的疑问句；二是这种模式的动 机是寻求一个令人满意的回答；三是提问—回答模式是匹配 --比较型，而不是序列型，模式主要是通过重复法获得信号 标志，提问与回答之间没有逻辑顺序关系。 Answer 提问—回答模式经常出现在演说、政论、说教、报道等语篇中。
April 1996—a month after it was officially admitted that BSE was probably the cause of the new variant CJD. In it he stated Reason for claim Affirm that “the sheep from the disease, called Scrapie, is known not to infect humans.” we know no such thing. What we know is that we negative evaluation of claim Scrapie can infect humans and Denial or do not know whether cause CJD, a very different matter. Reason for affirm
英语文体学基础
语篇结构与功能
什么是语篇呢？
• “它可以是一个词……它可以是一个词组或短语……它可 以是一个小句……它可以是一幅对联、一首小诗、一篇散 文、一则日记、一部小说（三部曲或其中的章节）……； 它也可以是一句口号、一支歌曲、一次对话、一场口角、 一次长达两三个小时的讲演……” • Roughly speaking, it refers to attempts to study the organization of language above the sentence or above the clause, and therefore to study larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. • Linguistic communication always appears in textual form.
英语语篇的模式研究
• 语篇的组织模式（textual pattern）可以定 义为“构成语篇的关系的组合”。 • 英语中有多种语篇模式，常见的模式是： • 问题—解决 • 一般—特殊 • 主张—反应 • 提问—回答
问题—解决模式的宏观结构一般由情景（situation）、问题（problem）、 反应（response）、评价（evaluation)或结果（result）四部分组成。
Reason for denial 这一模式的词汇标志包括：提出主张的词汇有：assertion, assumption, Belief, claim, conclusion, expect, guess, illustration, speculation, Suggestion, theory, think等；在反应部分，标志词汇有：affirm, agree, Confirm, concur, evidence, fact, know, real; contradict, challenge, Reason for correction Correction Correct, deny, dismiss, disagree, mistake, object to, not true等。