大学英语四六级语法讲义

大学英语四六级语法讲义
一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理
1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。

2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。

3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。

（1）主句的辨识：谓语动词
（2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词
（3）介词短语：A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束
B.从介词开始到动名词结束
C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束
（4）非谓语动词：动名词（doing）
动词不定式（t o do）现在分词（do i ng）过去分词（don e）
4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个
5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法
·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。

·长难句划分的具体步骤：
【第一步】断开主句和从句
通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而
言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主
语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如
果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。

）
在进行第一步的时候注意以下5 种情况：
1如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。

2如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。

3如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当成谓语动词。

4切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前结束。

5有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性
例如：that：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词；
than、before、after、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词
二、总结复习句子的主要成分
1、主语
（1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。

（2）位置：在谓语动词之前。

A.名词：
B.代词：（3）什么可以充当主语：
C.介词短语：
D.非谓语动词：
E.句子：
2、谓语
（1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。

（2）位置：在主语之后。

（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。

3、宾语
（1）定义：（2）位置：A.动作的承受者
B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾）
A.在谓语动词之后
B.在非谓语动词之后
C.在介词之后
（3）什么可以充当宾语：A.名词：
B.代词：
C.介词短语：
D.非谓语动词：
E.句子：
4、表语
（1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的（2）位置：在系动词之后
（3）什么可以充当表语：5、定语
（1）定义：修饰限定名词A.名词：
B.代词：
C.形容词
D.介词短语：
E.非谓语动词：
F.句子：
（2）位置：情况一：单个的词作定语放在被修饰名词前（例外：单个的词修饰不定代词放在不定代词之后）
情况二：两个或两个以上的单词（即短语，结构或句子）作定语放在被修饰的名词后，即后置定语。

（3）什么可以充当定语：A.名词：
B.代词：
C.形容词：
D.介词短语：
E.非谓语动词：
F.句子：
6、状语
（1）定义：修饰限定动词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及整个句子（2）位置：在句首、句中、句尾。

A.名词：
B.介词短语：
（3）什么可以充当状语：
7、补足语
（1）定义：C.非谓语动词：
D.句子：
（2）位置：
A.在宾语之后
B.在主语之后
（3）什么可以充当补足语：A.名词：
B.形容词：
C.介词短语：
D.非谓语动词：
8、同位语：
（1）定义：对中心词进行解释说明，可以替代中心词。

（2）位置：在中心词之后
（3）什么可以充当同位语：A.名词：
B.介词短语：
C.非谓语动词：
D.句子：
A.对宾语进行补充说明，即宾语补足语简称宾补
B.对主语进行补充说明，即主语补足语
三、真题长难句实战
例 1. In such economies, individuals who possess the human capital characteristics that employers or clients values (e.g., competence and ambition ) are expected to be in high demand and short supply on the job market.
【参考译文】在这种经济模式下，拥有雇主和客户所重视的人力资本特征（例如，能力和抱负）的个人，预计在就业市场上供不应求。

例 2. All researches agree that close to 25 billion devices, things and sensors will be connected by 2020 which incidentally is also the moment that Millennials（千禧一代）are expected to make up 75 percent of our overall workforce, and the fully connected home will become a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.
【参考译文】所有的研究都认为，到2020 年，将近有250 亿个设备、物品和传感器互联，顺便说一下，在这一年千禧一代预计会占据我们总劳动力的75%，并且完全互联的家庭会成为全世界大多数人所面临的问题。

例 3. However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings that technology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.
【参考译文】然而，这只是众所周知的冰ft一角，因为随着领导者和企业主考试意识到技术所带来的大量节省，智能建筑，甚至智能城市会越来越成为常态，该技术是通过连接的传感器以及与智能能源和设施管理相结合的自动化新形式而实现的。

例 4. Online security cameras, intelligent lighting and a wealth of sensors that control both temperature and air quality are offering an unprecedented level of control, efficiency, and improvements to what were once classed necessary costs when running a business or managing a
large building.
【参考译文】在线安保摄像头、智能照明以及大量控制温度与空气质量的传感器正在提供空前级别的控制、效率和改进，这些曾被归为经营企业或管理大型建筑物所必需的成本。

例 5. The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to creatively leverage this ever-growing amount of data to deliver cost savings, improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses and citizens of these smart cities.
【参考译文】这项技术最大和最令人兴奋的挑战是如何创造性地利用这些日益增长的数据为这些智能城市的企业和公民带来成本节约、改进和切实的利益。

例6. And while the Portuguese took part in the trade, ferrying nuts down the coast along with other goods, by 1620, when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia, the nuts were still peculiar to his eyes.
【参考译文】于是葡萄牙人加入其贸易，将这种果实和其他商品一起亚沿海岸线运出，但直到1620 年英国探险家查理德·乔布森来到赞比亚时，可乐果在他看来依然十分稀奇。

例7. With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for areas that caused the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and policy in smaller cities.
【参考译文】然而，随着旨在令生活更加轻松便捷的城市规划理念逐渐兴起，失去越来越受欢迎，造成对房地产的助推，在像旧金ft或纽约这样的大城市，激发出一种前瞻性的都市风格，并在较小的城市激发出新的政策。

例8. Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants, retail, and entertainment—especially when combined with
improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit—makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic.
【参考译文】改造城市中心区，使其将现代住宅与改良的步行可及的当地餐馆，零售商店和娱乐场所相融合——特别是当它们与为单车族和公共换成改良的基础设施相结合时，使其吸引到更多的富裕人口。

例9. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike.
【参考译文】步行交通和便利的换乘让诸如酒吧和餐馆这类以娱乐休闲为导向的商家可以开到更晚，吸引到年轻人、创意工作者和濒临退休的生育高峰一代等。

例10. The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.
【参考译文】有些报社企图买断卷入诸如罗斯玛丽·韦斯特这样重大案件的证人（所能提供的信息）而向他们支付一定的费用，政府将要禁止这种行为。

例11. Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
【参考译文】贝多芬习惯将音量逐步增加到最大，然后突然跟上轻柔的乐段，在他之前的作曲家很少使用这种方法。

例12. But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes.
【参考译文】但是如过在市场发生变化，世界改变的情况下，我们做事不明智的话，我们也会遇到相同的问题。

【选词填空真题链接】
第一段：①It seems to be a law in the technology industry that leading companies eventually lose their position, often quickly and brutally. ②Mobile phone champion Nokia, one of Europe's biggest technology success stories, was no 36 , losing its market share in just a few years.
第二段：①In 2007, Nokia accounted for more than 40% of mobile phone sales 37 . ②But consumers' preferences were already 38 toward touch-screen smartphone. ③With the introduction of Apple's iPhone in the middle of that year, Nokia's market share 39 rapidly and revenue plunged.
④By the end of 2013, Nokia had sold its phone business to Microsoft.
第三段：①What sealed Nokia's fate was a series of decisions made by Stephen Elop in his position as CEO, which he 40 in October 2010. ②Each day that Elop spent in charge of Nokia, the company's market value declined by $23 million, making him, by the numbers, one of the worst CEOs in h istory.
第四段：①But Elop was not the only person at 41 . ②Nokia's board resisted change, making it impossible for the company to adapt to rapid shifts in the industry. ③Most 42 , Jorma Ollila, who had led Nokia's transition from an industrial company to a technology giant, was too fascinated by the company's 43 success to recognize the change that was needed to sustain its competitiveness.
第五段：①The company also embarked on a 44 cost-cutting program, which included the elimination of thousands of jobs. ②This contributed to the 45 of the company's once-spirited culture, which had motivated employees to take risks and make miracles. ③Good leaders left the company, taking Nokia's sense of vision and direction with them. ④Not surprisingly, much of Nokia's most valuable design and programming talent left as well
A.assumed F. fault K. shifting
B.bias G. incidentally L. shrank
C.desperate H. notably M. subtle
D.deterioration I. previous N. transmitting
E.exception J. relayed O. worldwide
参考答案：
36.E. exception 37.O. worldwide 38.N. transmitting 39.L. shrank 40.A. assumed
41.F. fault 42.H. notably 43.I. previous 44.C. desperate 45.D. deterioration。