古代中国与罗马帝国：东西方帝国对比【英文】
英文维基上的汉帝国与罗马帝国
英文维基上的汉帝国与罗马帝国汉朝与罗马位于欧亚大陆两端托勒密绘制的世界地图，最右边一大片便是传说中的塞西里亚帝国（汉朝）特使甘英中国人想象中的大秦人，收录在明朝人王圻所著的类书《三才图会》97年（永元九年），汉朝名将班超派遣特使甘英出使大秦。
甘英经塔里木盆地一直走到安息国并到达波斯湾。
但由于安息国害怕汉朝直接开通了与大秦的商路会损害其垄断利益，于是没有向甘英提供更直接的经叙利亚的陆路，而是备陈渡海的艰难，又以传说渲染海上航行的恐怖，谓甘英曰：“海水广大，往来者逢善风三月乃得度，若遇迟风，亦有二岁者，故入海人皆赍三岁粮。
海中善使人思土恋慕，数有死亡者。
”使甘英相信了渡海的艰难，止步于安息，没有到达罗马。
后来，班超返回汉朝，并向世人讲述了他在西方国家的所见所闻。
[15]尽管甘英并没有成功到达罗马，但他也曾向世人介绍了他所了解到的罗马概况：“ 大秦国，一名犁鞬，以在海西，亦云海西国。
地方数千里，有四百余城。
小国役属者数十。
以石为城郭。
列置邮亭，皆垩塈之。
有松柏诸木百草。
人俗力田作，多种树蚕桑。
皆髡头而衣文绣，乘辎軿白盖小车，出入击鼓，建旌旗幡帜。
”—后汉书“ 所居城邑，周圜百余里。
城中有五宫，相去各十里。
宫室皆以水精为柱，食器亦然。
其王日游一宫，听事五日而后遍。
常使一人持囊随王车，人有言事者，即以书投囊中，王室宫发省，理其枉直。
各有官曹文书。
置三十六将，皆会议国事。
其王无有常人。
皆简立贤者。
国中灾异及风雨不时，辄废而更立，受放者甘黜不怨。
其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦。
”—后汉书“ 土多金银奇宝，有夜光璧、明月珠、骇鸡犀、珊瑚、虎魄、琉璃、琅玕、朱丹、青碧。
刺金缕绣，织成金缕罽、杂色绫。
作黄金涂、火浣市。
又有细布，或言水羊毳，野蚕茧所作也。
合会诸香，煎其汁以为苏合。
凡外国诸珍异皆出焉。
”—后汉书一些史学家认为班超自己到达过里海，但是这种说法并未被大多数人所承认，很多人认为这种说法是错误的。
[16][17][编辑] 旅行家梅斯梅斯·提提阿努斯最远到达过塔什库尔。
第2课 古代世界的帝国与文明的交流 导学案-高中历史统编版(2019)必修中外历史纲要下册
第2课古代世界的帝国与文明的交流【学习目标】掌握古代文明扩展的条件、方式；理解古代各大帝国的区域性影响和不同文明之间的早期联系；认识文明间交流的表现。
【重点难点】1、重点：古代文明扩展与交流的条件、概况。
2、难点：各文明帝国形成与发展的不同特点。
【时空坐标】【知识解读】1、帝国与帝国主义帝国狭义上用来形容由君主(皇帝)统治的强大国家；广义上用来形容国力强大的国家，而不限于君主制国家。
欧洲历史上的帝国，一般指以皇帝为君主的国家。
这类国家通常领土广阔并拥有属国，且在一个文化区域内占支配地位。
作为一个庞大的政治实体，帝国不仅管辖着国界以内的领土，而且能以强大的政治和军事力量影响其他国家。
帝国主义亦称“垄断资本主义”或“现代资本主义”，是资本主义发展的最高最后阶段。
形成于19世纪末20世纪初。
主要特征是对外军事扩张。
2、希腊化时代“希腊化”一词的含义是指希腊文化在空间地域上的扩展。
希腊化时代是指亚历山大大帝东征后的三个世纪里，古希腊文明和小亚细亚、叙利亚、美索不达米亚、埃及以及印度的古老文明相融合的一种进程。
如果说以前的文明都是孤立发展的话，那么“希腊化”恰恰是使分散的希腊、埃及和印度文明走向了一体。
它使原先的文明能在更广阔的空间争相怒放。
“希腊化”也反映出强烈的西方中心倾向。
3、农耕文明农耕文明是人类史上的第一种文明形态。
原始农业和原始畜牧业、古人类的定居生活等的发展，使人类从食物的采集者变为食物的生产者，是第一次生产力的飞跃，人类进入农耕文明。
农耕文明地带主要集中在北纬20度到40度之间。
这里也是人类早期文明的发源地域。
四大文明古国就是农耕文明的典型代表。
4、海洋文明海洋文明以古希腊最具代表性。
海洋文明需要包括以下条件：一是社会必须是开放性的；二是必须是文明古国；三是各种文明可以相互转换；四是扩张是温和的人性化的，不是真正意义上的殖民主义扩张和帝国主义的占领；五是在政治、经济、文化、思想、艺术方面有系统的成果以及与海洋有关的神话、海洋远航的手段等。
Roman Empire VS Han Dynasty罗马帝国和汉王朝比较英语短文
Roman Empire VS Han Dynasty王银风Over the years, once in the history of the coexistence of the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty ,were compaired many times in many aspect, such as territory, economic, military and so on .But the two coexistence of super power almost have no docking, whether it is a cultural exchange or a comparison of the battlefield. But the movie Dragon Blade gave us such an opportunity, let the Roman army and the Western Han Dynasty have a fight, but it also let them have a satisfactory cooperation.As far as I'm concerned, If the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire at war, the Han Dynasty may won. First of all, from the perspective of the social system we can know that the Han Empire was already a very advanced feudal system, while the Roman Empire was a slave state. Then, from the economic point of view, the Han Empire agriculture is very developed, the Empire of Roman commercial trade is developed, which makes Roman empire is not destined to the Han Empire, so social civilization is .After that, from the military point of view, both Han Empire and the Empire of Rome have a lot of war experience ,but China is a country with a vast territory and diverse climate, and the army can fight in all kinds of conditions, the Roman empire is located in Western Europe only in a single temperate marine climate, the army's ability to adapt to the environment worse than us. The Han Dynasty have plenty of soldiers、forage and advanced weapons ,so we are stronger than Roman Empire. Although we are constantly comparing Han Dynasty and Rome Empire, I still hope that if they do have the chance to communicate ,they can be more inclusive ,the cultures can complement, exchange and fusion, to jointly safeguard peace and stability in the world together.。
中国和欧洲的古代发明对比英语作文
Title: A Comparative Analysis of Ancient Inventions: China vs. EuropeWhen we delve into the annals of history, it becomes evident that both China and Europe have been crucibles of innovation and invention since ancient times. These civilizations, though geographically distant, have independently contributed to the progress of humanity through their groundbreaking discoveries and inventions. This essay aims to compare and contrast some of the significant ancient inventions from China and Europe, highlighting their unique contributions to the world.Ancient China: A Pioneer in TechnologyAncient China was renowned for its advanced technological achievements, many of which had a profound impact on its society and the world at large. One of the most iconic inventions is the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, gunpowder, the compass, and printing (specifically, block printing and later movable type). Papermaking, invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han period, revolutionized information recording and dissemination. Gunpowder, discovered during the Tang dynasty, transformed warfare and eventually led to the development of firearms. The compass, invented during the Han dynasty, was crucial for navigation and exploration, facilitating sea trade and geographical discoveries. Lastly, the invention of printing techniques significantly accelerated the spread of knowledge and literature.Moreover, China also made notable advancements in agriculture, such as the development of the iron plow and the cultivation of new crops like tea and rice, which greatly enhanced agricultural productivity. The Great Library of Han Dynasty and later advancements in astronomy and mathematics further demonstrate China's commitment to knowledge and learning.Europe: A Hotbed of Scientific and Technological ProgressEurope, too, has a rich history of ancient inventions and discoveries. While not as collectively renowned as China's Four Great Inventions, European contributions were nonetheless transformative. The Antikythera mechanism, discovered in Greece, is often regarded as the world's oldest analog computer, showcasing advanced understanding of astronomy and mechanics in the 2nd century BCE. The Romans contributed with their aqueducts, which provided efficient water supply systems, and their road network, which facilitated trade and communication across the empire.In the field of medicine, the works of Galen, a Roman physician, laid the foundations for experimental physiology and medicine. The development of the Roman arch and the use of concrete in construction led to architectural marvels like the Pantheon, demonstrating engineering prowess.Comparative AnalysisBoth China and Europe excelled in different areas of invention and innovation. China's inventions were often characterized by their direct impact on daily life,enhancing communication, education, and military capabilities. European inventions, while equally influential, tended to focus more on infrastructure, medicine, and astronomy, reflecting distinct societal needs and priorities.What is remarkable is that despite the geographical separation, both civilizations independently arrived at similar technological solutions, such as the development of complex mechanical devices and advancements in agricultural tools. This underscores the innate human drive for innovation and progress.ConclusionIn conclusion, both ancient China and Europe were prolific in their contributions to the global tapestry of inventions and innovations. While each civilization's inventions were shaped by its unique cultural, economic, and societal contexts, they collectively advanced human knowledge and capabilities. These inventions serve as enduring testaments to the ingenuity and creativity of our ancestors, inspiring us to continue pushing the boundaries of what is possible. As we look back, we are reminded that the seeds of modernity were sown in the fertile minds of these ancient civilizations.。
古希腊罗马神话与中国神话故事的异同点英语版
古希腊罗马神话与中国神话故事的异同点英语版The Reading ReportIn the holiday, I read the book “The Ancient Greek And Roman Mythology Story”. Comparing with Chinese mythology story, I find some common points and some differences.First, I want to talk about some differences. The most obvious, “god”in the different culture has different characters. Since human since birth, man have continuously explored themselves with nature and the universe of the relationship. When they struggled with the nature, because of the low productivity, they had many questions, so they came down to the powerful nature. Then they generate “god”. In fact, throughout history, both east and west, “god” this group is very important. But, in the “god” the image of the mold, both in the east and in the west are accordance with their national human’s image to shape.So the differences produce. For example, in the movies about the Greek mythology, gods also like the most westerns have white skin and curly hair, but in Chinese myth, gods have yellow skin, black eyes and straight hair.The most different is that gods in the Greek myth are more hommization. They live like common people. They also have the seven emotions and six sensory pleasures. In their life, father probably loves his daughter and mother probably loves her son. The Greek gods in the moral aspects have nothing to praise, in the spirit and wisdom, they have no what superman place, they are being god just because their body are very satisfactory. But in east, gods don’t have any desire. Gods are gods, they have huge difference with the people ordinary. In the Greek myth, gods also have rights to love or hate, personality is distinct. Suchas the father in heaven Zeus often chase the beautiful women in the mundane, and his wife Hera like a jealous heart strong woman persecute her rival in love. But in the east myth, through Qixiannv and Dongyong love each other, they can’t live together and they must suffer hardship.Then, in the anci ent Greek and Roman’s culture we are not difficult to find the word “open”. In many of the Greek myth, few gods wrapped up their body with clothes, both men and women most expose their breasts and chests, their clothes is bold and unrestrained, no shy of facial expression. These just show the ancient Greeks’eager for free and open. While in China by traditional religion and the influence of the feudal system, in eastern culture of the fairy system this is almost impossible.Finally, from the culture of different can be seen in the system. In the ancient Greek, the system is democratic, so we can see in the ancient Greek myth, although gods regard Zeus as the king of all the gods, they often deal with the affairs in the areas they are in charge of by themselves, they have the right, not necessary after the examination and approval, the gods would be on Olympus, to negotiate business and the vote, not by Zeus personal dictatorship. This has been performance of democratic centralism. But in China the system is emperor of led centralized. People can be converted into the god, to become a god, as long as through uniting the painstaking and to guide people to do good, accumulate more than a virtue.The two different myth produced under different culture background also have some comman points. They both have gods and clear system.。
汉朝与罗马帝国的对比(英文版)
About two thousand years ago, there are two superpowers in the world, the han dynasty and Roman empire .There was a very interesting topic on the internet, if the han army met the army of the Roman empire at that time, what the outcome would be. It is difficult to say,and the two armys had not been met from beginning to end. But we can have a look at the strength of the two countries first.At that time ,Han dynasty had a population of 60 million ,and Roman empire had a population of 88 million.Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including papermaking,One of the four great inventions , the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, 地形图，the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer（，employing an inverted pendulum.The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynastyUnlike Han dynasty, the main advantages of Roman empire were its Architecture and engineering.The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch, vault and the dome. Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand, due in part to sophisticated（复杂的）methods of making cements and concrete(水泥和混凝土).Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century.The Romans also built many dams and reservoirs for water collection.Although Han dynasty had many scientific and technological achievements, the most famous was the military.Emperor Wu of Han launchedseveral military campaigns against xiongnu. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal statusas Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the T arim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world.For Imperial Rome, the military was a full-time career in itself.Spanning over four centuries , the period of the Han dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history.To thisday, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters".Han dynasty is a Powerful empire in the ancient Chinese history,and created a brilliant civilization .The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, political,cultural, and military forces in the world of its time. It was the largest empire of the Classical antiquity period, and one of the largest empires in world history. At its height under Trajan, it covered 680 square kilometers and held sway over some 70 million people, at that time, 21% of the world's entire population. The longevity(长期) and vast extent of the Empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language, culture, inventions, architecture, and forms of government on the Empire's descendants.We can see that the two countries have their own advantages, it is difficult for us to say the ranking of the two empires, the specific answer to the question is left to the scholars.The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana,which means peace.The three major divisions of the military were:。
罗马城邦和罗马帝国、希腊罗马古典文化同步练习课件-2023学年部编版九年级历史上册
【难题17解析】根据题干可知，雅典公民在陶片上刻上具体的 人名，意在强调公民对于城邦事务的关注，即重视培养公民的 参政意识，C项正确。题干仅列出雅典极具特色的民主制度， 没有涉及先进性的比较，排除A项；宗族血缘与题干无关，排 除B项；D项错在“普遍”，排除D项。
A. 古埃及文明 C. 古罗马文明
B. 古巴比伦文明 D. 古希腊文明
（ D ） 5. 罗马人将古埃及的太阳历修订为儒略历。每四年增 加1天为闰年，后来为世界大多数地区通用， 称为公 历。下列属于公历纪年的是
A. 民国元年 C. 康熙五年
B. 农历五月初五 D. 公元2022年
材料 古代中国和古代罗马相距遥远，然而两者的历史
A. 统治者无能 C. 遭到外来入侵
B. 奴隶制危机 D. 封闭保守
▶知识点四：文学和雕塑
（ B ） 8. 公元前8世纪，希腊神话中塑造的英雄人物虽然具 有神性，但也存在短板和致命弱点，他们也需要不 断地努力、拼搏，才能成就一番伟业。这反映了在 古希腊
A. 公民缺乏宗教信仰 C. 民众缺乏理性精神
A. 推崇绝对真理 C. 注重人文精神
B. 具有理性精神 D. 捍卫思想自由
21. 罗马原是意大利中部的一个城邦，它逐步崛起并不断扩张， 最终形成了一个庞大的帝国。罗马的强大与其政治制度和法 律体系有很大的关系。阅读材料，回答问题。 材料一 王政时代(约公元前8世纪中叶至公元前6世纪末 叶)的罗马平民是被征服者及外来的移民，虽然人身自由，但 不属于罗马氏族成员，没有氏族权利，无权分得公地，不能 参加人民大会，许多平民租佃贵族的土地，有的因借债而沦 为奴隶。
古希腊与古中国对比(英文版)
Heroes
Monsters
PART1：The Olympian Gods and other Deities PART2：Heroes PART3：Monsters
The contrast among three kinds of Chinese and Greek mythological figures
back
An introduction to Jade Emperor
• The Jade Emperor in Chinese folk culture is the ruler of Heaven and all realms of existence below including that of Man and Hell, Jade Emperor is the most respectable god who governs the heaven and will never demise. He is one of the most important gods of the Chinese traditional religion pantheon. In actual Taoism, the Jade Emperor governs all of the mortals’ realm and below.
The differences between the two creator
• Being both the creators of the world, Pan Gu and Chaos differ not only in the way they created the world, but also in how they separated the world. Pan Gu created the world by sacrificing himself, while Chaos created the world by his asexual reproduction; Pan Gu separated the world into sky and earth, while Chaos separated the world into heaven and earth. Pan Gu changed the world by turning his breath into wind, turning his voice into thunder, and turning his organs into different elements of the world; Chaos changed the world by giving rights to his following god generations. Each god takes charge of a certain part of the world and the world changes under their reign.
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Roman Republic 509 bce -27 bce
The Italian Peninsula PreRoman Domination 800-600 bce
Etruscan Civilization, 8th-5th c. bce
Etruscans may have migrated to Italy from Anatolia (Turkey) Thriving cities with paved streets, defensive walls and large temples Skillful bronze, iron and gold work Challenged by Greeks from sea and by Celts from Gaul (France)
Mausoleum of Qin Emperor ShiHuangdi (First Emperor)
Qin ShiHuangdi’s Mausoleum was discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well. The 13 year-old emperor had ordered 800,000 workers to build his tomb. Terra Cotta Army Rebellions broke out after Emperor’s death in 210 bce: dynasty overthrown after only 15 years of rule
Etruscan joie de vivre
From the tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia
patricians: aristocrats and professionals plebians: farmers, craftsmen, laborers patronage system
introduction of writing
Zhou Dynasty c.1100 bceFra bibliotek 221 bce
Qin Shihuangdi
Qin Building Projects
Used forced labor of convicts Roads and canals Palaces Connected fortification walls to build 5000 kilometer Great Wall
introduction of writing
Zhou Dynasty c.1100 bce- 221 bce
establishment of Confucianism and Taoism
Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce-206 bce
first unified Chinese states origin of name of China
Etruscan Chimera
Etruscan Divination
Early divination equipment: a guide to reading the liver
Etruscan Necropolis
Family tombs with stone vaults covered by earth Murals with scenes from everyday life: hunting, fishing, feasting, dancing, religious ceremonies Joyful scenes in early tombs give way to gloomy violent scenes as Etruscans lost power to the Romans (4th-2nd Century bce)
Pre- Empire States
CHINA
Shang Dynasty c.1750 bce-1100 bce
ROME
Etruscan Civilization c.700 bce-509 bce Legendary Roman kings 753 bce-509 bce
patricians: aristocrats and professionals plebians: farmers, craftsmen, laborers patronage system
CHINA and ROME
Empires of the East and the West
Imperial Rome and Han China
Pre- Empire States
CHINA
Shang Dynasty c.1750 bce-1100 bce
ROME
Etruscan Civilization c.700 bce-509 bce Legendary Roman kings 753 bce-509 bce
Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce -206 bce
First
unified the country by subjugating the Warring States Established central bureaucracy Legalism supplanted Confucianism: scholars persecuted and books burned Standardized writing, currency, weights and measures
establishment of Confucianism and Taoism
Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 bce-206 bce
first unified Chinese states origin of name of China
Roman Republic 509 bce -27 bce