2015年--河海大学研究生英语一Unit-4---Explicit-and-Implicit-Moral-Education

Unit 4 Explicit and Implicit Moral Education Imagine a guardsman, from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning unti l the moment the parade is dismissed, every conscious action he makes is predetermin ed and controlled. If inadvertently he does something that is not in the schedule, such as drop his rifle, he has to cover up the accident by pretending to faint. To do anythi ng other than conform might show originality and inventiveness, but from the point of view of military ethos would be immoral.

想象一个卫士，从早上参加的那刻到阅兵解散的那刻,他做的每一个有意识的动作都是受预定和控制的。如果他无意间做了什么计划外的事情，比如像掉了他的步枪，他不得不假装晕倒来掩盖事故。做除了承认以外的任何事情可能展示出独创性和创造性，但是从军队作风观点的角度来看可能是不道德的。

That is an example of a thorough-going explicit moral system. In it actions are ri gidly divided into right ones and wrong ones, permitted ones and non-permitted ones, and everyone involved accepts this without question; and to train a participant in su ch a system is an explicit matter, and the simplest form of behaviour training, provide d the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unquestionable authority who knows exa ctly what moral behaviour is.

这是一个全面的显性道德体系的例子。在这个例子里，行动被严格分为正确的和错误的，允许的和不允许的，涉及到的每个人都无条件接受；假设学习者承认教师作为一个不容置疑的权威，一个准确知道什么是道德的权威，则在这样一个体系中培养参与者是一件明确的事，是行为训练最简单的形式。

Consider the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl. His behavio ur is not so rigorously controlled, and he has many choices of action, many decisions t o make. In that case, all sorts of pressures are influencing his choice of actions. Wh at his peer group does, what is the custom at the moment in that area, what he thinks t he girlfriend will accept or expect, maybe the sort of lifestyle he has seen displayed in television plays, the things he has read about in the papers, these are all contributing t o his decisions. He has not been instructed explicitly, as in the morning, but he has ha d a much more diffuse implicit training in behaviour, derived from many sources.

考虑同一个卫士，在晚上同一个女孩在一个小酒馆。他的行为是不那么严格地受控制，他有很多的行动选择，很多决定去下。在这种情况下，各种压力都会影响他的行动选择。他的同龄群体做的，就是此时此地的习惯，他认为这个女性朋友会接受或者拒绝的，是他在电视上看到的生活方式，是书上读到的事物，这些都归因于他的决定。同早上比，他没有被明确指示，但是在行为上他有一个更加扩散的隐性训练，来自多种来源。

These, then, are the two forms of education available to those who wish to influe nce others' morals - the explicit instruction and the implicit influence of surrounding b ehaviour. Which do we use with school pupils, or do we perhaps need to make use of each at different times? Above, in describing the morning parade morals of the guards man, it was pointed out that explicit instruction depended on the learner's acceptance of the authority of the instructor. Without that acceptance the system breaks down. While to the same guardsman in the evening, in a tavern with a girl, such explicit mor al exhortation would probably have little effect, because the speaker is not regarded as