光伏发电外文翻译

附录 A 英文文献
1. The world's current situation and development of photovoltaic industry forecast
Solar cells is the use of the material effects of photovoltaic solar energy into electrical energy directly to the semiconductor devices, also known as photovoltaic cells. In 1954, the first practical silic on solar cells ( n = 6%) and the first atomic power stati on at the same time in the United States was born in 1959 into the space solar cell applications, the energy crisis in 1973 after the application step by step to the ground.
Photovoltaic power generation is divided into independent grid photovoltaic systems and photovoltaic systems. Independent PV power station, including the villages in remote areas the power supply system, solar household power system, communications, signal power, cathodic protection, such as solar street lamps withbatteries can run independently of the photovoltaic power generation system.
Grid PV system is connected with the power grid to feed electricity grid PV power system. Currently technically achievable grid PV power system in the way: housing fixed-grid system and power plant system of the desert. Use of the existing roof system is the effective area of the roof construction, installation and network of photovoltaic power generation system, the size of a few kWp generally ranging from several MWp. Desert power plant is uninhabited desert area in the development and construction of large-scale photovoltaic power generation systems and networks, the size of several GWp from the
10MWp size. In recent years, the rapid increase in solar cell production, for 8 years in 30% growth in 2004, even more than the annual growth rate of 60 percent, reaching 1200MW.
2. The Chinese PV market and industry status
2.1 China's solar market development
China started research on solar cells in 1958, in 1971, China successfully launched the first applies to the 2nd satellite Dongfanghong. Started in 1973 for ground-based solar cells. China's photovoltaic industry in 80 years ago is still in embryonic form, the annual production of solar cells has been hovering below 10KW, price is also very expensive.
As a result of restrictions on prices and production, market development is very slow, and apart from, as the satellite power supply, on the ground only for low-power solar power systems, such as beacon lights, railway signal systems, weather station equipment alpine electricity, electricity Wai field, black light, fluorescent lamps, such as DC power is normally a few watts to tens of watts. In the "65" (1981-1985) and "75" (1986-1990), the countries of photovoltaic PV industry and to give support for the development of the market, the central and local governments invested in the photovoltaic certain funds, makes a very weak solar industry has been consolidated and applied in many areas of the model, such as microwave relay stations, communications system units, gates and oil pipeline cathodic protection systems, rural carrier telephone system, small households and villages with power supply system systems. At the same time,
"75" period, the domestic has introduced from abroad a number of solar cell production line, in addition to the amorphous silicon, a 1MW battery production line, the other is single crystal silicon cell production line, making China's solar cell production capacity increased to 4.5MWp / years, the price is also from "75" early 80 yuan / Wp dropped to 40 yuan / Wp around.
After the nineties, with the shape of China's photovoltaic industry and to lower costs to the industrial application areas and application of the development of rural electrification, the market steadily expanding, and are included in the national and local government plans, such as Tibet "Project Sunshine" "bright work", "Ali photovoltaic project in Tibet", optical fiber communication power, oil pipeline cathodic protection, radio and television every village, a large-scale promotion of rural households with photovoltaic power systems. The 21st century, particularly in the last 3 years of "power to the villages," the project, two billion state investment, the installation of 20MW, to solve our country's 800 townships without electricity power problems in China's PV market to promote rapid, substantial increase in .
At the same time, grid demonstration project began rapid development, from 5kW, 10kW to 100kW development of more than 1MW Expo in Shenzhenin 2004 and works as a grid PV applications in China highlights. The end of 2004, China's total installed capacity of photovoltaic systems reached approximately 65MW.
Shenzhen, Shantou, Guangzhou and Zhejiang, solar garden lights, a large number of exports, with annual sales of as much as 500 million. Garden of the cells used are usually imported, and then with plastic packaging, simple process. The 6MW cells by as much as a year is a large solar applications (which are not into statistics).
2.2 China's status of the industrialization of solar cells
Although the rapid development of China's photovoltaic industry, the size and technological level of industry have been raised accordingly. But compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, such as: the degree of domestic raw materials-specific is not high, species was incomplete, already made materials and components, its performance is lower than abroad, such as silver, aluminum paste, EVA, etc. . Packaging components suede low iron glass, TPT has not yet been put on the market.
The upper reaches of small photovoltaic industry chain, the lower reaches of large imbalances, the most serious is that the production of solar grade polysilicon is blank, entirely dependent on imports. The difference between the part of other aspects of the need to import,
such as cells, silicon ingot / silicon, supporting materials.
The level of industrial equipment design and manufacturing capabilities behind. Poly-silicon casting furnace, wire sawing, breaking completely the need to import ingot; PECVD silicon nitride deposition equipment, screen printing presses,battery-chipsorting machines, welding machines and other series can not meet the performance needs of modern production. These devices will need to introduce a full set, and
so on.
These gaps with the R&D base and weak industrial base. Enterprises through the introduction of digestion and absorption in a short period of time a modern photovoltaic industry, but supporting a special materials and equipment also can not keep up, in which the solar-grade polysilicon material particularly conspicuous. Countries should be organized photovoltaic industry with chemical, mechanical and electrical equipment manufacturing industries joint research, at the same time actively seeking international cooperation in solar-grade silicon as the breakthrough point, to avoid the technology of semiconductor-grade silicon blockade.
3. China's PV market forecasting and planning proposals
"11, the five" period, should be the implementation of the rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plan, the implementation of open terrain (desert) and large-scale PV power station network pilot projects, as well as "central cities and the construction of photovoltaic net" plan as a priority. For the commercial development of PV will also be actively support policies and support.
3.1 Rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plans
There are about 28,000 of China's villages, 7 1 million, 3,000 million people without electricity. These are the distribution of the population without electricity in western China and a number of islands, some of which are villages without electricity using diesel generators for power generation, power supply 2-3 hours per day; some did not even diesel generators can only point of butter lamps, kerosene lamp and candle lighting. These areas without electricity have a wealth of solar energy resources, photovoltaic power generation in this region has a vast market prospect.
Rural electricity supply problem has been through the "power to the villages," the fundamental solution works. There are villages without electricity and household electric power supply issues need to be resolved. If every village without electricity in accordance with the 10KWp, households without electricity in accordance with each 400Wp planning, taking into account the expansion of the power station has been built, the potential market is around 3,000 MWp.
From the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2010, for the full settlement of the western region of more than 50 villages without electricity and 15% of households living without electricity electricity issues 2006 and-2010 years, 10,000 to settle the village without electricity and 100 million households without electrical power problems, the amount of new photovoltaic 265MWp, accumulated solar for rural electrification to reach 300 MWp.
3.2 Open to large-scale photovoltaic power plant construction and network
From the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2010, should be open to carry out large-scale photovoltaic power plant tests, the test site chosen should have the following conditions: close
to the trunk power system (preferably within 50 kilometers), in order to reduce the additional transmission line of investment; backbone grid of sufficient bearing capacity, in the case of non-modified PV power station capable of transmission of electricity; load center distance of 100 kilometers in order to reduce transmission losses;if there is no electricity near load centers, the best large-scale hydropower, photovoltaic power station could be pumped-storage power through the conversion. Planning to establish by 2010, Block 2-3 of about 10-20MWp open to (desertification) pilot demonstration power plant, with a total installed capacity reached 30MWp, to test their technical and economic feasibility. 2010-2020 open to the formal start of China (desertification) of photovoltaic power station planned for 2010-2020 new installed PV power station 11,970 MWp, to open by the end of 2020 to a total of (Desert) photovoltaic power plants installed 12GWp.
中文翻译
1. 世界光伏产业现状和发展预测
太阳电池是利用材料的光生伏打效应直接将太阳能变成电能的半导体器件，也称光伏电池。

1954 年，第一块实用的硅太阳电池(n= 6%)与第一座原子能发电站同时在美国诞生，1959年太阳电池进
入空间应用，1973 年能源危机后逐步转到地面应用。

光伏发电分为独立光伏系统和并网光伏系统。

独立光伏电站包括边远地区的村庄供电系统，太阳能户用电源系统，通信信号电源，阴极保护，太阳能路灯等各种带有蓄电池的可以独立运行的光伏发电系统。

并网光伏发电系统是与电网相连并向电网馈送电力的光伏发电系统。

目前从技术上可以实现的光伏发电系统并网的方式有：屋定并网发电系统和沙漠电站系统。

屋顶系统是利用现有建筑的屋顶有效面积，安装并网光伏发电系统，其规模一般在几个kWp 到几个MWp 不等。

沙漠电站则是在无人居住的沙漠地
区开发建设大规模的并网光伏发电系统，其规模从10MWp到几个GWp的规模不等。

近年来，世界太阳
电池年产量迅速增加，连续8 年增速在30%左右，2004 年的年增长率甚至超过60%，达到1200MW。

2 中国光伏发电市场和产业现状
2.1 中国太阳电池的市场发展
我国于1958 年开始研究太阳电池，于1971 年成功地首次应用于我国发射的东方红二号卫星上。

于1973 年开始将太阳电池用于地面。

我国的光伏工业在80 年代以前尚处于雏形，太阳电池的年产量一直徘徊在10KW以下，价格也很昂贵。

由于受到价格和产量的限制，市场的发展很缓慢，除了作为卫星电源，在地面上太阳电池仅用于小功率电源系统，如航标灯、铁路信号系统、高山气象站的仪器用电、电围栏、黑光灯、直流日光灯等，功率一般在几瓦到几十瓦之间。

在“六五” (1981 －1985)和“七五” (1986－1990)期间，国家开始对光伏工业和光伏市场的发展给以支持，中央和地方政府在光伏领域投入了一定资金，使得我国十分弱小的太阳电池工业得到了巩固并在许多应用领域建立了示范，如微波中继站、部队通信系统、水闸和石油管
道的阴极保护系统、农村载波电话系统、小型户用系统和村庄供电系统等。

同时，在“七五”期间，国内先后从国外引进了多条太阳电池生产线，除了一条1MW的非晶硅电池生产线外，其它全是单晶硅电
池生产线，
使得我国太阳电池的生产能力猛增到 4.5MWp/年，售价也由“七五”初期的80元/Wp下降到40元/Wp 左右。

九十年代以后，随着我国光伏产业初步形成和成本降低，应用领域开始向工业领域和农村电气化应用发展，市场稳步扩大，并被列入国家和地方政府计划，如西藏“阳光计划”、“光明工程” 、“西藏阿里
光伏工程”、光纤通讯电源、石油管道阴极保护、村村通广播电视、大规模推广农村户用光伏电源系统等。

进入21世纪，特别是近3年的“送电到乡”工程，国家投资20亿，安装20MW解决了我国800 个无电乡镇的用电问题，推动了我国光伏市场快速、大幅度增长。

与此同时，并网发电示范工程开始有较快发展，从5kW、10kW 发展到100kW 以上，2004 年深圳世博园1MW并网发电工程成为我国光伏应用领域的亮点。

截止2004年底，我国光伏系统的总装机容量约
达到65MW。

深圳、汕头、广州和浙江等地，大量出口太阳能庭院灯，年销售额达 5 亿之多。

庭院灯用
的电池片通常进口，然后用胶封装，工艺简单。

所用电池片每年达6MW之多，是太阳电池应用的一个
大户( 这部分未入统计) 。

2.2 中国太阳电池的产业化现状
虽然我国光伏产业发展迅速，产业规模和技术水平都有相应提高。

但同发达国家相比，仍存在很大差距，如：专用原材料国产化程度不高，品种不全，已经实现国产化的材料和部件，其性能比国外偏低，如银、铝浆、EVA 等。

组件封装低铁绒面玻璃、TPT 尚未投放市场。

光伏产业链上游小、下游大的不平衡状态，其中最严重的是太阳级多晶硅生产是空白，完全依赖进口。

其它环节的差额
部分需要进口，如电池片、硅锭/硅片，配套材料等。

产业设备设计水平和制造
能力落后。

多晶硅铸造炉、线锯、破锭机完全需要进口；PECVD氮化硅沉积设备、丝网印刷机、电池片
分选机、串联焊接机等性能均不能满足现代化生产需要。

这些设备都需要全套引进，等等。

这些差距同研发基础和工业基础薄弱有关。

企业通过引进消化吸收能够在短时间内建立起现代光伏产业，但配套的专用材料和设备一时还跟不上，其中太阳级多晶硅材料尤其突出。

国家应组织光伏产业同化工、机电设备制造产业联合攻关，同时积极寻求国际合作，以太阳能级硅为切入点，避开半导体级硅的技术封锁。

3 中国光伏发电的市场预测和规划建议
“十一、五”期间，应把实施农村离网光伏发电计划，落实开阔地（荒漠）大型并网光伏电站先导项目以及“中心城市建筑光伏并网” 计划作为重点。

对于光伏商业化发展也给予政策方面的积极扶持和支持。

3.1 农村离网光伏发电计划
我国还有大约28,000 个村庄，7 百万户，3,000 万人口无电。

这些无电人口大都分布在我国西部地区和一些海岛，其中一些无电村庄使用柴油发电机发电，每日供电2－3 小时；有些连柴油发电
机也没有，只能点酥油灯、煤油灯和蜡烛照明。

这些无电地区有很丰富的太阳能资源，光伏发电在这样
的地区有广阔的市场前景。

无电乡的供电问题已经通过“送电到乡”工程基本解决。

还有无电村和无电户需要解决供电问题。

如果每个无电村按照10KWp每个无电户按照400Wp规划，再考虑到已建电站的扩容，则潜在市场大约是3,000 MWp。

从目前的国力和政策看，2010 年以前，争取全部解决西部50 户以上的无电村和15%的散居无电户的用电问题，2006-2010 年间，争取解决10000 个无电村和100 万无电户的用电问题,新增光伏用量265MW，p 累计用于农村电气化的太阳电池达到300 MWp.
3.2 开阔地大型并网光伏电站建设
从目前的国力和政策看，2010 年以前，应先开展开阔地大型光伏电站试验，所选择的试验地点应当具备如下条件：靠近主干电网（最好在50 公里以内），以减少新增输电线路的投资；主干电网具有足够的承载能力，在不改造的情况下有能力输送光伏电站的电力；距离用电负荷中心在100 公里以内，以减少输电损失；如果附近没有用电负荷中心，则最好有大型水电站，可以将光伏电站的电力通过抽水蓄能转换。

规划在2010年以前建立2 —3座10—20MWp左右的开阔地（荒漠）先导示范电站，总装机达到30MW，p 以实验其技术和经济的可行性。

2010－2020 年正式启动中国开阔地（荒漠）光伏电站计划，争取2010-2020年新增光伏电站装机11,970MWp到2020 年底累计开阔地（荒漠）光伏电站装机12GWp 结论
1 、中国有很好的太阳能资源，有足够的建筑屋顶和沙漠／荒漠资源，具有大规模发展光伏发电的条件；
2、光伏将在中国未来的电力供应中扮演重要角色，预计中国光伏工业将以每年不低于40％的速
度增长；
3、当前中国光伏工业和光伏市场发展很快，但存在“头小尾大”不平衡的问题，不解决高纯多晶硅原材料和硅片生产的问题，中国光伏工业的发展就会受到限制；
4、中国光伏工业发展的关键在于政策。

如果中国的“可再生能源促进法”得以实施，仿效德国的成功经验，中国光伏事业发展的资金障碍是可以消除的。