语用学PPT deixis 指示代词

Pre-emptiveness of Deictic Words
指示语的先用性) 1.Levinson puts forward this viewpoint in 1983.
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2.Levinson points out, the deictic terms yesterday, today and tomorrow pre-empt the calendrical or absolute (non-deictic) expressions (e.g. on Thursday) when referring to the same time entities. That is, when yesterday, today and tomorrow can be used the calendrical expression on Monday, on Tuesday…will not be chosen. e.g. Today is Tuesday, one would not usually say(1) (2) (3) to respectively refer to the day before, on or after the CT (coding time—the moment of utterance): (1) He went to the supermarket on Monday. (yesterday is more preferred than on Monday.) (2) He is in the supermarket on Tuesday. (today is more preferred than on Tuesday.) (3) He’ll go to the supermarket on Wednesday. (tomorrow is more preferred than on Wednesday.)
However, this rule is sometimes violated in order to achieve pragmatic effect. The following are two typical examples of deictic projection or functional variation of tenses.
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Non-Deictic Usages
When the reference point of time deixis is a fixed time origin rather than the time of speaking, it is used non-deicticly. Calendric usages are examples of non-deictic usages.
2. Person deixis
• First person deixis • Second person deixis • Third person deixis By 陈静宜 柳晨曦 杨沁玉 余昕钰 袁邑婷
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Time Deixis
A. Time adverbials
Examples: now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, recently, two days ago, in three minutes, from now on, right away • now — the time point of speaking today • yesterday — the day before that of speaking • tomorrow— the day after that of speaking • (two days)ago — (two days) before the time of speaking
Factors Influencing Choices between Deictic and Non-deictic Usages
1.Whether to choose deictic or non-deictic expressions of time depends largely on the distance between the coding time and the expressed time. Generally speaking, the shorter the distance, the more possible the choice of deictic terms, and vice versa. For example, if the coding time is Thursday, and (1). the expressed time is the next day, then tomorrow is more preferable to on Friday; (2). the expressed time is two days later than the coding time, then the day after tomorrow and on Saturday may be equally preferred; (3). the expressed time is three days later than the coding time, then the non-deictic term on Sunday will be more frequently chosen. 2. Whether to choose deictic or non-deictic expressions of time also 子页３ depends on formality of the speech. The more formal the speech, the greater the possibility to use the non-deictic expressions of time, and vice versa.
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C. Tense of verbs
(a grammatical category)
As a rule, in deictic use of tense, the time of speaking is used as the deictic center. So, present tense is used for the event happening at/during the time of speaking, past tense for the event happening before the time of speaking.
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B. Deictic modifier + Nondeictic name (measure word)
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Examples:
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this/that morning/afternoon/week/month/year
子页３ next/last Monday/January/February/decade/century
Time expressions can be used deicticly, when the speaker uses his own time of speaking as the reference time, or non—deicticly when the fixed time of an important event is used as the reference point of time.
The following are some examples of non-deictic time expressions: Sept. 15th, 2005 — Calendric use (No matter by whom it is said, it refers to the same year) on Thursday — It might refer to the same time period when spoken by different speakers at different points of time of a week; post-war (construction) — after the World War II;
Deixis
1. Time deixis
• Deictic usages • Non-deictic usages • Pre-emptiveness of Deictic Words • Factors Influencing Choices between Deictic and Non-deictic Usages
C. Tense of verbs
(a grammatical category)
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Mary is reading on the lakeside. (Happening at the time of speaking) I wrote a letter to him. (Happening before the time of speaking) I’m going to see the movie. (Happening after the time of speaking)
Deictic Usages
பைடு நூலகம்
The following is an illustration of the time deixis in deictic uses, that is, the time of speaking is used as the reference point:
A. Time adverbials B. Deictic modifier + Non-deictic name (measure word) C. Tense of verbs (a grammatical category)
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C. Tense of verbs
(a grammatical category)
(a) Historical Present: using present tense to refer to past events, bringing the historical event closer to the addressee and vivid to life. (b) Subjunctive Mood: Use past tense to refer to the events that are impossible to be realized or far away from the reality. Examples: • If I were you, I… • Had I arrived a little earlier at the airport…
When uttered on Tuesday, last Monday refers to “the Monday of last week” (Otherwise, yesterday is used); next Wednesday refers to “the Wednesday of next week” (Otherwise, tomorrow is used); next Thursday, Friday or Saturday is ambiguous, which might refer to the Thursday, Friday or Saturday of the same week or the next week. Similarly, when uttered on Friday, last Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday is ambiguous, which might refer to the Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday of the same week or the last week. Levinson says that “this pre-emptive nature of pure deictic words is a general tendency: it…would be strange to say Do it at 10:36 instead of Do it now, when now is 10:36.” Levinson does not define the term “pure deictic word”. Presumably, it refers to words like I, you, now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, the reference of which entirely depends on the speech situation. But Levinson notes that here seems to be an exception, which does not have the pre-emptive force though it is a pure deictic word. One can say Wuhan instead of here if one is in Wuhan.