第二讲 翻译

混水摸鱼
花钱如流水 一只耳ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้听，
一只耳朵冒
the other
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姥姥既是这么说，况且当日你也见过这姑太太一次，为什
么不你老人家明儿就去走一趟，先试试风头儿去？（曹雪 芹《红楼梦》） Since this is your idea, mother, and you‗ve called on the lady before, why not go there tomorrow and see how the wind blows? （杨宪益、戴乃迭译） 三月里刘熏宇来信，说互生病了，而且是没有希望的病， 医生说只好等日子了。四月底在《时事新报》上见到立达 学校的通告，想不到这么快互生就殁了！（朱自清《哀互 生》） In March I heard from Mr . Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that. The doctor said there was nothing he could do but wait for the day to arrive . Toward the end of April , I came across an obituary issued by Lida School …
帮助译文读者跨越文化障碍
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真是 ‘天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福’。
杨 译 ： ‚ Truly, ‗storm gathers without warning in


nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.‘... ‖ 霍译：‚I know ‗the weather and human life are both unpredictable‘‖ 这也难说，但凡家庭之事，不是东风压了西风，就是 西风压了东风。 杨译：‚Well, it‘s hard to say,‖ she answered. ―In every family, if the east wind doesn‘t prevail over the west wind, then the west wind is bound to prevail over the east wind.‖ 霍译：‘It‘s hard to tell,‘ she said. ‗In every family affair, one side or the other has to win. If it‘s not the East Wind it‘s the West.‘
like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.
老王和我算是柳家大院最‚文明‛的人了。‚文明‛
是三孙子。（老舍《柳家大院》）
Old Wang and I are considered the genteel folk in the
haven‘t yet drunk the bridal cup but already you‘re doing her hair.‖
文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道
德、法律、风俗, 以及其余社会上习得的能力与
习惯。
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Difference between Cultures
1. 词汇中的文化差异
1.1 概念意义与文化意义完全对应
1.2 概念意义对应，文化意义空缺
1.3 概念意义对应，语用意义不同
2. 成语习语中的文化差异
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刘姥姥说‚这倒不然，谋事在人，成事在天。咱们
谋到了，看菩萨的保佑，有些机会也可知……‛
杨译：―Don‘t be so sure,‖ said Granny Liu. ―Man
proposes, Heaven disposes. Work out a plan, trust to Buddha, and something may come of it for all you know~~~‖ 霍译：―I wouldn‘t say that,‖ said Grannie Liu, ―Man proposes, God disposes. It‘s up to the good lord to decide whether he‘ll help us or not. Who knows, he might give us the opportunity we are looking for~~~‖
compound. Gentility be hanged! (Gentility be blowed! Gentility, the deuce take it !)
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‚哦，交杯盏还没吃，倒上头了！‛
霍译：―Fancy! Doing
her hair already--before you‘ve even drunk the marriagecup!‖
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狗(鄙视) 龙(高贵) 红（喜庆） 白（丧服） 蓝（纯净）
dog(同情) dragon(凶恶) red(暴力) white（婚妙） blue（忧郁、淫秽）
黄（王权）
牧童(悠闲) 月亮(团圆) 宣传(中性词)
yellow（怯懦）
cowboy(冒险) moon(虚幻) propaganda(贬义词)
Difference between Cultures
Allan Peng
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Culture and language
Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs,
institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community.
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农民(忠厚朴实) peasant(心胸狭窄)
1.1 概念意义与文化意义完全对应
直译
原文的概念意义和文
化意义、形象与寓意 同时传达到译文当中
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丢脸
露面 老手
to lose face , face -losing
to show one 's face , …up an old hand
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文化特色在语言中的体现
文化因素的处理是翻译中十分重要的任务，
文化的载体改变了，文化的读者环境也不 复存在了，这时就会出现两种情形：
译入语没有相应的词语来承载源语种的文化因素，
形成词语空缺。 译文受众缺乏理解原文所需要的汉文化背景知识， 或者以自己的文化背景去理解译文，造成误解。
把握原文文字的文化含义 补充原文蕴含的文化背景 澄清异族文化中容易误解的概念
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宗教文化特色
周瑞家的听了笑道：‛阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年


都未必这样巧的呢。‛ （曹雪芹《红楼梦》） 杨译：‚Gracious Buddha!‖ Mrs. Zhou chuckled. ―How terrible chancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.‖ 霍译：‚God bless my soul!‖ Zhou Rui‘s wife exclaimed. ―You would certainly need some patience! Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.‖ 世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！（曹雪芹《红楼梦》） 杨译：All men long to be immortals, yet to riches and rank each aspires; 霍译：Men all know that salvation should be won, but with ambition won‘t have done, have done.
3. 语用方面的文化差异
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中国是个大陆国家，幅员辽阔，地大物博
黔驴技穷 人心齐，泰山移 不到黄河心不死 不到长城非好汉 福如东海，寿比南山
地域文化特色
英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业比较发达，
反映在语言中就出现了许多与海洋、船和水 有关的短语。
all at sea（不知所措） burn one’s boats（破釜沉舟） sail before the wind（顺风航行） keep one’s head above water（奋力图存）
He has long had a well-thought-out plan in his mind.
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接着他们用绳子五花大绑，把节振国捆得象个粽子似
的，又是一阵拳打脚踢。节振国的嘴里鼻孔里鲜血直 冒。（王义《赤胆忠心》）
They gave him a good cuff and kick, trussed him up
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1.2 概念意义对应，文化意义空缺
常见于比喻性词语：
原文的词语在译入语里有概念意义的对应词， 但没有原文的文化意义
词语的概念意义是手段，比喻意义是目的
意译，或借用英语的喻体 胸有成竹
He has long had fully-grown bamboo in his bosom.
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1. 词汇中的文化差异
反映中国文化特有的事物和现象的词语，如‚盘
古‛、‚女娲‛、‚秀才‛、‚八股文‛、‚太 极拳‛、‚个体户‛等，虽然在英语里找不到意 义完全对等的词语，却不是语义转换的主要障碍， 通过阐释或注解总有办法把它们的意思解释清楚 并传达出去，所以上述词语只能属于概念意义的 空缺，而不列入本章所讲的文化意义。 文化意义是指词语意义之外的、能产生联想的内 涵意义。具有这类双重意义的词语往往构成翻译 的主要障碍，因为它们常常兼指多意，甚至以内 涵意义为主。这样的词语，虽然在英语里能找到 概念相同的词语，却可能出现文化含义的不对应 或假对应。
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他素昔眼空心大，是个头等刁钻古怪的丫头，今儿
我听了他的短儿，‚人急造反，狗急跳墙‛，不但 生事，而且我还没趣。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》） 杨译：She is a strange crafty creature if ever I saw one. ―Desperation drives men to rebel and a dog to jump over a wall.‖ If she thinks I know her secret there may be trouble, and that would be awkward for me. 霍 译 ： If a girl like that knows that I have overheard her doing something she shouldn‘t be doing, it will be a case of ―the desperate dog will jump a wall, the desperate man will hazard all‖; there‘ll be a great deal of trouble and I shall be involved in it.
笑柄
碰壁 好心 祸不单行 趁热打铁
a laughing stock
run one 's head against a wall
kind –hearted misfortunes never come singly Strike while the iron is hot. to fish in troubled waters to spend money like waters to go in at one ear and out at