心理学

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Correlational Studies
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Experimental Studies
Random assignment Experimental group Control group Placebo （安慰剂）
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Experimental Studies
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Scientific Method
Prediction Testing Interpretation Observation Communication
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Pseudopsychologies –
Phrenology （骨相学） Palmistry （手相学） Graphology （笔迹学） Astrology（星座学）
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Research Methods in Psychology
Lacks internal skepticism Only vaguely explains how conclusions are
reached Uses loose and distorted logic
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Statistics
Collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data
Descriptive Statistics
Techniques that show what observations collected in research actually look like by summarizing and describing data
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Multiple Measurement
Use of several measures to acquire data on one aspect of behavior
Offsets limitation of any single
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
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Self-Report Measures
Written or oral accounts of a person’s thoughts, feelings, or actions
Interviews questionnaires
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Behavioral Measures
Based on systematic observation of people’s actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting
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Interpretation of sensor experiences may vary from person to person
Generalization(一般化）
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What is Science?
unnecessary pain/suffering
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Most common way to represent variability in data
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Research Ethics
Informed consent Respect for persons Beneficence
What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience(伪科学）
Lacks the cumulative progress seen in science
Disregards real-world observations and established facts/results and contradicts what is already known
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Mean
Average
Medwk.baidu.coman
Separates the upper half from the lower half
Mode (most common)
Positive Correlation
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Experimental Studies
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Confounding variable
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Physical Biological Social
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What is Science?
Cumulative Process more than a product Attitude
Question authority Open skepticism(怀疑） Intellectual honesty
Quasi-experimental Design
Method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups
Common Sense and Logic
Science must combine logic with research and experimentation
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The Limits of Observation
Animal research – answers questions we could never do with human research
Very controversial Strict laws and standards
govern treatment Focus is on avoiding
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Principles of Research Design
Research design
Variable Population Samples Social desirability bias
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Conducting Psychological
Research
Chapter Two
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The Nature of Science
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Single-blind studies Double-blind studies Experimenter expectancy effects
Robert rosenthal Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Physiological Measures
Measures of bodily responses used to determine changes in psychological state
Blood pressure Heart rate Sweating(出汗） Respiration （呼吸）
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Meta-Analysis
Research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion
Effect size Standardized statistic
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Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research
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Debriefing （任务报告） Institutional review boards (IRBs)
Privacy and confidentiality(机密） Justice
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Ethical Research with Animals
Descriptive Studies
Descriptive designs
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Descriptive Studies
Case study Naturalistic observation
Interview and survey Representative sample
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Making Sense of Data with Statistics
Standard deviation
Measure of how much scores, in a sample, vary around the mean