自考英语本科现代语言学专业名词大纲复习必过

专业名词
第一单元音系学
phoneties is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language,it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language.
articulatory phoneties【发声语音学】how a speaker uses his speech organs to articilate the sounds.
auditory phonetics【听觉语音学】it looks at the sounds are the hearer's point of view,i.e.,how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
acoustic phonetics【声学语音学】it studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves,the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
borad transcription【宽式标音法】is the transcription with letter-symbols only,which is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
narrow transcription【严式标音法】is the transcription with letter symbols together with the diacritics,which is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.
Vowel【元音】the air that comes from the lunds meets with no obstruction of any kind in the thoroat,the nose,or the mouth,while in the pronunciation of a consonant 【辅音】the air streamfrom the lungs is obstructed in one way or another. phonemic contrast 【音位对立】refers to the relation between two phonemes,if two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning. Phonology【音系学】is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language, it arms to discover how speech sounds in a language from patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
complementary distribution【互补分布】refers to the relations of phonemic varieties,and two allphones of the same phoneme will never occur in the same position in the phonemic groups，they can not differentiate meanings.
Minimal pair【最小对立对】when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings,the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
sequential rules【序列规则】is the rules that govern combination of sounds in a particular language.
assimilation rules【同化规则】assimilates one sound to another by 'copying' a feature of sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.
the election rules【省略规则】
suprasegmental features【超切分特征】distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegment phonemes.these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable,the word,and the sentence.the main suprasegmenttal features include stress,tone,and intonation. Allophone【音位变体】is the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment.
Stress【重音】when a certain syllable of a word is stressed,its means that the syllable
is pronounced with greater force than the other or others.
Tone【语调】tones arepitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.therefore,the tone is asuprasegmental feature.
Intonlation【声调】when pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the woed in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like english.
第二单元形态学
morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
can be divided into inflectional morphology and lexical ordervational morphology. free mprphemes【自由语素】are the morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.
bound morphemes【黏着语素】are the morphemes which cannot be used in dependently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.include:roots and affixes.
Roots【词根】a root is often seen as part of a word,it cannever stand by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning,it mus be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
Inflectional affixes【屈折词缀】or inflectional morphemes manifest warious grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,tense,degree,and case.
Derivational affixes【派生词缀】are added to an existing form to create a word. Stem【词干】the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem,a stem can be a bound root,a free morpheme,or a derived form itself. features of compounds 【复合词特征】
1.orthographical features 【书写特征】orthographically,a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between,or as two separate words.
2.syntactical features【句法特征】syntactically,the part of speech of the compound is generally determined by part of speech of the second element.
3.semantic features【语义特征】semantically,the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic,not always being the sum total of the meanins of its components.
4.phonetic features 【语音特征】phonetically,the stress of a compound always falls on the first element,whlie the secondelement receives secondary stress.
第三单元句法学
syntax studies the sentence structure of language.as amajor component of grammar,syntaxconsists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.
linguistic competence【语言能力】chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's konwledge of the rules of his language.
Sentence【句子】a sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,questioin or command.
move α：the general movement rule that accounts for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.
types of sentences:
1.simple sentence:a simple sentemce consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
2.coordinate sentence: a coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by linking word,such as "and""but""or".
plex sentence:a complex sentence contains two,or more,clauses,one of which is incorporated into the other.
structures of sentences:
1.linear:when a sentence is uttered or weitten down,the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence.meanwhile,they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence.
2.hierarchical:sentences are organized by grouping together words of the same syntatic category,such as noun phrase or verb phrase.
3.diagrams【树形图】
the hierarchical order can be best illustrated with a tree diamgram of constituent structure,so called because such a diagram looks like an inverted tree.syntax linguists often use the diagrams to reveal or show the level of the sentence structure,and explain the different levels of a variety of sentence meaning in the same sentence structure.
lexical caregories【词类】a language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite set.major lexical caregories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.minor lexical caregories are closed categories because the number of lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.
X-bar theory:can reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.NP must contain N,VPmust contain V,AP must contain A,and PP must contain P.it is this obligatory word that gives the phrase its name.this wordis called the phrasal head,and each phrasal category must have a head.
NP-movement:NP-movement reders to the fact that noun phrases move from one place to another NP-movement occurs when,for example,a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice.
WH-movement:WH-movement is another movement of elements,which refer to the fact that WH words move from one place to anothr in a sentense.WH-movement is obligatory in english.it changes asentence from affirmative to interrogative.
AUX-movement:general questions in english may also involve syntactic movement with AUX-movement.AUX-movement is the movement of an auxiliary verb,such as "be""have""do""will""can"and"should",tothe sentence initial position.while the movement of adjectives is for the sake of stylistics.
第四单元语义学
semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
the naming theory【命名论】one of the oldest notions concerning meaning,and also a very primitive one,was the naming theory,according to this theory,the linguistic
forms or symbols,in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects the stand for.so woeds are just names or labels for things.
the conceptualist view【意念论】the conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic from and what it refers to,but,in the interpretation meaning,they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. contextualism【语境论】contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.two kinds of context are recognized:the situational context and the linguistic context.
behaviorism【行为主义论】the behaviorist theory is somewhat close to contextualism.behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as "the situation in which the speaker utters it and the responseit calls forth in the hearer".
Argument【论元】An argument is a logical participant in a predication.It is generally identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.
sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.it is the collection of all the features of the linguisitc form.it is abstract and de-contextualized. reference means waht a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world.it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
1.synonymy 【同义关系】refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.words that are close in meaning.
2.polysemy 【多义关系】reders to the fact that the same one woed may have more than one meaning.a word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word.there are many polysemic words in engliah.the more commonly used a word is,the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.
3.homonymy【同音/同形异义关系】refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling,or in both.when two words are identical in sound,they are called homophones.when two woeds are idntical in spelling,they are homographs.when two words are identical in both sound and spelling,they are called complete homonyms.
4.hyponymy【上下义关系】refers to the sense relation between a more general,more inclusive woed and amore specific word.the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate,and the words which are more specific in meaning are called its hyponyms.hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other.
5.antonymy【反义关系】reders to the oppositeness of meaning,words that re opposite in meaning are called antonyms.the sppositeness of meaning can be found on different dimensions and different kinds of antonyms may be recongnized.
(A)gradable antonyms【等级反义词】some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.
(B)complementary antonyms【互补性反义词】are thosethat are complementary to each other.in apair of complementary antonyms,the denial of one implies the
assertion of the other.
(C)relational opposite【关系反义词】pairs of woeds that exhibot the reversal of a relationship between the two terms are called relational spposites.
componential analysis【成分分析】is a way to analyze word woed meaning.it was proposed by structural semanticists.the approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components,which are called semantic features,plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word,and these feature symblos are usually written in capitalized letters.
predication analysis【述谓结构分析】linguistic have proposed different ways to analyze the ,eaming of sentences.one of them is the predication analysis.it is proposed by the british linguist G.Leech.in grammatical anaysis,the sentence is regarded as the basic unit,it is analyzed into such grammatical components as subject,predicate,and attribute.in semantic analysis of a sentence,the basis unit si called predication.the predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a setence.this applies to all forms of sentense,including statements,imperative and interrogative forms,a predication consists of argument and predicate.an argument is a logical participant in a predication.it is generally identical with the nominal element in a sentence.
第五单元语用学
pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.as the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in acertain context,pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaningstudy.
pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning,so they are related to as well as different from each other.the essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaning.of it is not considered,the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics.if it is considered,the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.generally speaking,it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.the shared knowledge is of two types:the knowledge of the language they use,and the knowledge about the world,including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.without this shared knowledge,linguistic communication would be impossible,and without considering this knowledge,linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.
Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning
While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and de-contextualized.the ,meaning of an utterance in concrete,and context-dependent.utterance is based on sentence meaning.it is realization of the abtract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words,phrases,clauses.it is the act of
conveying literalmeaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.an illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.it is the act performed in saying something.a perlocutionary act act is the act formed by or resulting from saying something.it is the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.it is the act performed by saying something.
Four maxims
The maxim of quantity
1.make your contribution as informative as required.
2.do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
The maxim of quality
1.do not say what you believe to be false.
2.do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
The maxim of relation
Be relevant
The maxim of manner
1.avoid obscurity of expression
2.avoid ambiguity
3.be brief
4.be orderly
第六单元历史语言学
Historical linguistic is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change. Apocope【词尾音脱落】is a phenomenon involving the deletion of a word-final vowel segment.
Metathesis 【换位】:Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound segments.
Epenthesis【插音】: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.
Derivation【派生法】is a process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots,stems or words.
Back-formation【逆向构词法】is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word.
Semantic narrowing【语义狭义化】is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
Semantic broadening【语义广义化】refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.
Protolanguage【原始母语】is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.
Haplology【重复音略读】refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.
Compounding【复合法】is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit.
Blending【混合法】is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words..
Semantic shift【语义演变】is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning.
Great Vowel Shift【元音大推移】is a series of systematic sound change at the end of the Middle English period approximately between 1400 and 1600 in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.
Acronym【首字母缩略】is a word created by combining the initials of a number of words.
Sound assimilation【语音同化】: Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on an-other. In an assimilative process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of
articulation, or of haplology.
第七单元社会语言学
Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts.
Speech community【言语社区】: The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.
Speech variety【言语变体】: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.
Language planning【语言规划】: language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries. Idiolect【个人语言特点】is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that com-bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual' s speech.
Standard language【标准语】is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the
mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.
Nonstandard language【非标准语】: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages.
Lingua franca【混合语】is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
Pidgin【混杂合语】is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.
Creole【克里奥尔语】: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.
Diglossia【双言现象】usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.
Bilingualism【双语现象】refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
Ethnic dialect【黑人英语】: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of different ethnic backgrounds. An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
Sociolect【社会语言】are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
Slang【俚语】is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but non-standard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
linguistic taboo【禁忌语】denotes any prohibition by the polite society on the use of particular lexical items to refer to objects or acts.
Euphemism【委婉语】is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.
Regional dialect【区域方言】also social or class dialect, is a speech variety spoken by the members of a particular group or stratum of a speech community.
Register【语域】also situational dialect, refers to the language variety appropriate for use in particular speech situations on which degrees of formality depends.
第八单元心理语言学
Pscholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.as the term suggests,psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics,drawing equally upon the language we acquire,produce and comprehend. Cerebral cortex【大脑皮层】the most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain.
Brain lateralization【大脑侧化】the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.
Linguistic lateralization【语言侧化】in their research of brain
lateralization,psycholinguistics are particularly interested in linguistic lateralization,which is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.
Dichotic listening【两耳分听】evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks.
Right ear advantage【右耳优势】stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear.
Critical period hypothesis【关键期假设】refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty,during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily,swiftly,and without explicit instruction.
Linguistic determinism【语言决定论】whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language.that is,language determines thought,hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.
linguistic relativism【语言相对论】whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently,that is,relative to their linguistic background,hence the notion of linguistic relaticism.
subvocal speech【无声语言】when language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other.
Hemispheres【脑半球】the brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves,in general,the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of,and responds to signals from,the left side of the body,whereas the left hemisphere controls vpluntary movements of,and responds to signals from,the right side of the body.
broca's area【布罗卡区】was discovered by a French surgeon-broca and then named after him.broca's area is an important language center of the brain,which controls the expressions of languages.
wernicke's area【韦尼克区】was discovered by German physician carl Wernicke and then named after him.wernicke's area is an important language center of the brain,which controls the understandings of languages.
the angular gyrus【角形脑回】is the language center responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa.
第九单元语言习得
Language acquisition【语言习得】is concerned with language development in humans.in general,language acquisition refers to children’s development of their first language,that is,the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.
Acquisition【习得】according to krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
Language transfer【语言转移或正向转移】learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language.
Interference【干扰或负向转移】negative transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.
Contrastive analysis 【对比分析法】the contrastive analysis approach was founded on the belief that,by wstablishong the linguistic differences between the native and
target language systems,it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make. Interlanguage【语际语】SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction,in which a learner constructs a series of internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim knowledge of the target language.
Fossilization【语言僵化】a learner’s interlanguage fossilized some way short of target language competence while the internalized rule system contained rules that different from those of the target language system.
Acculturation【语言文化移入】a related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community.this adaptation process is called acculturation.
Learning【学习】is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.
Formal instruction【正规教学】occurs in classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.。