美国政治体制的模式及特点文档

美国政治体制的模式及特点

美国的政治体制是一个总统制的国家，在其早期的权力构架中，并没有政党的因素，只是在后来政治角逐中，政党不断在其中发挥越来越重要的作用。其主要特点是：

1、总统候选人由政党推荐产生，总统在全国由全体选民直接投票、间接选举产生，当选总统并不一定是得到绝对选票多者，而是为获得选举人票更多者。总统还是行政首脑，直接控制着行政机构，并且还是三军总司令。

2、美国的政党体制相当松散，政党存在的意义更多的是作为各类选举的工具，选举之后，政党作为一种组织体系作用相当微弱，所以它是一种典型的“选举党”。美国是一个典型的两党制国家，但它不同于西欧国家的两党制，它不是以意识形态划分的，而是按照区域和利益集团来划分，两党从本质上讲都是代表不同资产阶级利益的政党。

3、美国的国会即众议院、参议院议员一般由政党推荐参选，由全民投票直接选举产生，拥有立法权。

4、美国的总统尽管名义上是所在党的领袖，但当选后更多的是以“全民总统”的面目出现。

现在的美国奉行的是“否决政治”(vetocracy)。

美国的政治制度在总统和拥有两院的国会之间分割权力，并把权力下放给各州和地方政府；允许法庭以宪法为由推翻法律。除了宪法授予的制衡机制以外，美国国会还给了议员们其它许多机会，让他们可以使用否决权来要挟政府，

这一政治体制模式的优点是：美国总统的权力较大，总统受政党的约束小，独立性较大，有利于较快地作出政治决断，提高执政效能。

其弱点是：美国三大权力体系的相互制约与牵制明显，造成一些体制消耗。总统无权解散国会，只可以否决国会通过的法案，同样的，国会可以弹劾总统，使用否决权来否决总统。

THE AMERICAN POLITICAI

The American political system is a presidential system of the country, and political factors in the power structure of its early, just in the later political battles, the political parties continue to play an increasingly important role in them. Its main features are:

1、A presidential candidate recommended by the political party generated the president by direct vote of the electorate in the country, the indirectly elected president-elect is not necessarily the absolute votes more than those who, but for electoral votes. President or chief executive, the direct control of the administrative agency, or the Commander in Chief.

2、the U.S. party system is quite loose, the significance of the existence of political parties more as tools of all kinds of elections, after the elections, political parties, as the role of an organizational system is quite weak, so it is a typical "election party". The United States is a typical two-party country, but it is different from the two-party system

第3/5页

of the Western European countries, it is not divided by ideology, but in accordance with regional and interest groups to divide the essence, the two parties represent the political parties of the different interests of the bourgeoisie.

3, the U.S. Congress, namely the House of Representatives, the Senate is generally

recommended by the political parties in the election, by the direct election of the referendum, has legislative power.

4, the president of the United States the name of whose party's leader is elected "president for all people" emerged.

Now the United States pursues a "vetocracy”.

The American political system to split power between the President and owner of both houses of Congress, and devolution to the states and local governments;to allow the court to overthrow the law on constitutional grounds. In addition to the checks and balances of the Constitution granted the U.S. Congress gave lawmakers many other opportunities, so that they can use its veto power to blackmail the government.

The merits of the political system: the powers of the President of the United States, President subject to the constraints of political parties is a small, independent, quickly make a political decision to improve governing performance.

Its weaknesses are: the three major U.S. power system of mutual restraint, and to contain, resulting in the consumption of some of the institutional. President no power to dissolve Congress, can only veto a bill passed by Congress Similarly, Congress can impeach the president, the use of the veto to reject the President.