诺曼征服

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Influence
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated没收 almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. It largely removed the native ruling class贵族阶层, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy君主制度, aristocracy贵族,统治阶级, and clerical神职人员的 hierarchy等级制度. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce贸易 were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture建筑学 were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts 民事法庭.
Reasons
It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne（王位 ）to William, but the Witan（盎格鲁-撒克逊时 期的议会议员 ）chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey , thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.
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Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings took place on 14 October 1066. It was the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England, fought between the Norman army of Duke William II of Normandy and the English army of King Harold II.The battle took place at Senlac Hill, about 6 miles northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex（东萨塞克斯郡 ）.
威廉加冕成为国王
廷哈 斯罗 战德 役（ 中图 阵右 亡拔 箭 者 ） 在 黑 斯
• 1042年，爱德华登上英格兰王位。爱德华是一个 懦弱无能的国王，曾长期流亡诺曼底，当了国王 后，为了同国内封建贵族抗争，他聘用了很多诺 曼教主，并和诺曼底公爵、同时也是爱德华的表 弟威廉结盟，并承诺让他继承王位。1066年春， 爱德华病逝，按照爱德华生前的承诺，王位应由 威廉继承，但按照盎格鲁撒克逊法律，国王死后， 王位继承问题应由贵族代表会议来解决。最后盎 格鲁撒克逊人大贵族哈罗德当选为国王。这一消 息对威廉来说，是很大的的打击，他决定用武力 从哈罗德那里夺取王位。
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威廉一世（征服王威廉公爵）
King William I The Conqueror： 1028年9月2日----1087年9月9日， 是诺曼底公爵（1035年-1087年）、英格兰国王（1066年-1087年在位）。 1035年，诺曼底公爵罗贝尔一世（宽宏的）在去耶路撒冷朝圣的归途中 去世。由于他没有婚生子女，因此唯一的私生子威廉被立为诺曼底公爵。 英格兰第一位诺曼人国王。生于1028年，8岁时继承父亲的公爵位，15岁 时被封骑士，开始在领地执政。1046年至1055年间多次平息贵族的叛乱。 1054-1060年间反对国王享利与安茹的马特的同盟。1063年征服曼恩。 1066年向英格兰开战并于同年9月引兵渡海，首先攻占了佩文西和哈斯丁 斯镇。10月，击败了英格兰国王哈罗德的抵抗。圣诞节，威廉在威斯敏 斯特大教堂加冕为英格兰国王。为了确保边疆的安定，威廉于1072年入 侵苏格兰，1081年入侵威尔士，并在边境设立特殊的居民地。他一生的 最后15年多住在诺曼底，任命老友兰弗朗克为坎特伯雷大主教，把英格 兰朝政交给主教掌管，有5年或7年时间，他根本未到英格兰一次。1087 年，死于诺曼 was killed in the battle—legend has it that he was shot through the eye with an arrow.This battle is seen as the point at which William gained control of England, becoming its first Norman ruler as King William I.
Consequences--about
Language
The most striking influence of the conquest was shown in the language. The period of Middle English began soon after 1066. Since the Frenchspeaking Normans were the ruling class, French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters; but the masses民众;劳动阶层 continued to speak English. Only towards the end of the fifteenth century did English become once more the language of the whole country. However, the language that emerged at that time showed vast and significant changes in the English vocabulary———the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the adoption of thousands of French words.
Norman conquest of England
Norsemen
The Normans were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Viking conquerors（维京征服者） of the territory领土 and the native population of mostly Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock. The name "Normans" derives from Nortmanni (Northmen),after the Vikings who founded Normandy. They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval（中世纪的 ）Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial（军事的） spirit. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily（西西里岛） and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition（远征） on behalf of their duke led to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman influence spread from these new centres to the Crusader States in the Near East, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to Ireland.
Consequences--about
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哈罗德· 葛温森
哈罗德· 葛温森（1022年－1066年10月14日），有时称为哈罗德二世， 盎格鲁－萨克逊王朝之韦塞克斯王国的末代君主（1066年在位）。 忏悔者爱德华去世后，王后之兄哈罗德即位。他的王位受到维京国 王哈拉尔德三世及诺曼底公爵私生子威廉的挑战。哈拉尔德三世首先入侵 了英格兰北部，哈罗德二世率领亲兵组成的精锐急行军反击，在1066年9月 25日于斯坦姆福德桥战役中击败维京人，哈拉尔德三世阵亡。诺曼底公爵 威廉乘英军北上之机入侵了英格兰南部，直指伦敦，哈罗德二世被迫率领 疲惫的部队回援并占领了通往伦敦路上的有利位置。1066年10月14日英诺 两军决战（黑斯廷斯之战），结果英格兰军队战败，哈罗德二世本人亦战 死。诺曼底公爵威廉进入伦敦加冕为英格兰国王。
William the Conqueror
Summary
The Norman conquest of England began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion of England by William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and his victory at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 over King Harold II of England. Harold‘s army was badly depleted （大大减少） in the English victory at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in Northern England on 25 September 1066 over the army of King Harald III of Norway. By early 1071, William had secured control of most of England, although rebellions（叛乱） and resistance（抵抗）continued to approximately 1088.