《妇产科学》流产
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Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu40
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5 0.6
0 人色体异常率(%)
妊娠前3个月 妊娠3-6个月 妊娠6-9个月 足月活产
病因二
母体因素 ❖ 营养不良 ❖ 感染 ❖ 慢性衰弱性疾病 ❖ 内分泌异常 ❖ 创伤
❖ 生殖道因素
免疫因素 ❖ 自身免疫因素 ❖ 同种免疫因素
Etiology
★ Abnormal products of conception Over 15% of fertilized ova do not divide 15% are lost before implantation (1st week of gest) 25% are lost during implantation (2nd week of gest) ★ About 60% of spontaneous abortions occurring
Laboratory Findings
Pregnancy tests β-HCG Complete blood count Blood type and Rh Progesterone-corpus luteum(1st
course). chorioplacental system. Ultrasonography-highly accurate in
pregnancy Negative pregnancy test or quantitative β-hCG
that is not properly increasing Adverse ultrasonic findings(eg, empty gestational
sac, fetal disorganization, lack of fetal growth).
临床分类
先兆流产(threatened abortion)
难免流产(inevitable abortion)
不全流产(incomplete abortion)
完全流产(complete abortion)
稽留流产(missed abortion)
习惯性流产(habitual abortion)
病理
早期流产:无胚胎、结节状胚、 圆柱状胚、发育阻滞胚、肢体畸 形、神经管缺陷
晚期流产:肉样胎块、石胎、压 缩胎儿、纸样胎儿、浸软胎儿、 脐带异常
临床表现
阴道流血 腹痛
反复阴道流血、贫血、 感染
25%的妊娠在早期可以 出现阴道出血
腹痛 蜕膜、胎盘、胎儿排出 有关妊娠的症状消失
流产 Abortion
定义
流产(abortion): <28w <1000g 早期流产(< 12w) 晚期流产(<28w) 有生机儿(20~28w,500~1000g)
病因
胚胎因素
数目异常、结构异常
母体因素
全身性疾病、内分泌异常、免疫 功能异常、生殖器异常、创伤 刺激
环境因素
烟草、饮酒、咖啡因、辐射、 避孕、环境毒素
diagnosing impending spontaneous abortion, especially transvaginally
鉴别诊断
先兆流产 难免流产 不全流产 完全流产
异位妊娠 葡萄胎 功能失调性子宫出血 盆腔炎 阑尾炎
治疗原则
先兆流产 难免流产 不全流产 完全流产 稽留流产 习惯性流产 流产合并感染
反复性自然流产 (recurrent spontaneous abortion, RSA)
流产合并感染(septic abortion)
Essentials of Diagnosis
Suprapubic pain and uterine cramping Vaginal bleeding Cervical dilatation Extrusion of products of conception Disappearance of symptoms and signs of
during 1st trimester Abnormal karyotype:≥10% ---chromosomal
abnormalities genetic abnormalities > "unknown" > infection >
anatomic defects > endocrine factors > immunologic factors > maternal systemic disease ★ The major causes of 2nd-trimester abortion: anatomic defects of the uterus or cervix(septum) fetal demise circumvallate placentation