(新)高考英语二轮复习专题2概要写作讲练

专题二概要写作

概要写作作为浙江英语高考新题型，就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。

这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

[选材特点]

1．所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；

2．所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

[评分参考]

阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：

1．对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；

2．应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；

3．上下文的连贯性；

4．对各要点表达的独立性情况。

注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

[写作步骤]

1．仔细阅读原文，掌握文章的主旨大意。在阅读过程中，要注意搜寻要点，如议论文中的论点、论据，记叙文中的发展、高潮、结局等。

2．列出文章的要点和各段落的主题句。可以用下划线标记，也可做笔记，将要点逐一列出。

3．分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述，并注意在结构上的顺序。

4．写出初稿。根据列出的要点和对原文的理解，用自己的语言组织内容，尝试写出概要。

5．修改、定稿。认真阅读初稿，对照原文，检查是否漏掉重要内容。检查并确定拼写、语法、标点正确无误。检查是否符合规定的词数要求。

[方法技巧]

在掌握一定的解题步骤后，为了顺利完成概要写作，学生在写作时还需要注意以下方法技巧。

1．要点齐全。概要写作主要考查学生概括文章主旨大意和准确获取关键信息的能力，关键信息获取不准确往往导致所写概要要点不齐全。要点全面是评分的重要方面，因此学生要训练自己的语篇能力和阅读能力，既把握文本的整体和部分又把握它们之间的逻辑关系。

2．精练简洁。精练指的是概括的内容要高度浓缩。学生可以利用概括的方法对文本内容进行提炼，用删略的方法去换不重要或者不必要的细节。简洁指的是所使用的语言简练。学生可以用抽象的、概括性的语言代替具体形象的语言。

3．灵活转换。语言转换就是用不同的词或句式来表达与原有表达内容相同的意义，且重新表达后能做到简单易懂。灵活转换包括语言换说和句子重构。语言换说可以通过同义、近义和反义变换来替换需要被替换的词汇；句子重构可以改变原有句子中个别词和词组在句子中充当的语法成分或变换句式来实现。

[概要写作四项原则]

1．概要写作时，一定要使用第三人称。

2．概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。

3．概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。

4．概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文内容无关的信息。

[写作要求]

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry Ⅳ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.

Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long­lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：Clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?

Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first­time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist (免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.

【经典范文】

People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1)For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2)However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)

【范文点拨】

(一)要点分析

1．文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”换句话说：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再结合下文谈到的主题可知“Different people have dif ferent attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精练。

2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was lon g­lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since th e 18 century.”可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。

3．第三段用“Though”引出人们对dirt观点的转变“...since the 18th