国际经济学基础Chapter-3PPT课件
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The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of X.
MRT=opportunity of cost, and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.
The equilibrium-relative commodity price.
.
3
Introduction (cont’d)
To examine how, with trade, each nation gains by specializing in the production of the commodity of its comparative advantage and exporting some of its output in exchange for the commodity of its comparative disadvantage.
How the terms of trade are determined.
The deindustrialization problem in advanced countries.
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
.
4
3.2 The Production
Frontier with Increasing
Costs
Increasing opportunity costs means that the nation must give up more and more of one commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.
Chapter 3
The Standard Trade Model
.
1
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs
3.3 The Marginal Rate of Transformation
Increasing opportunity costs result in a production frontier that is concave from the origin, rather than a straight line.
.
5
3.3 Marginal rate of transformation
resources or factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion or intensity in the production of all commodities.
.
7
The different PPF
The difference in the production frontier is due to:
– Different factor endowments or resources at their disposal;
– Use different technologies in production.
The real world case…?
– No two nations have identical factor
Tastes can be shown graphically with indifference curves, which show the various combinations of two goods that give a consumer the same total level of satisfaction.
3.4 Community Indifference Curves
3.5 Equilibrium in Isolation
3.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs
3.7 Terms of Trade
3.8 Specialization, Trade and Deindustrialization
A community indifference curve shows the various combinations of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation.
endowments (even with the access to the
same technology).
.
8
3.4 Community
Indifference Curves
Final pattern of trade depends not just on supply, but also on demand - which is determined by income & individual tastes.
MRT=△Y/△X=the slope of PPF MRTy/x mean the rate at which good Y can
transformed into good X.
.
6
Reasons for Increasing opportunity costs
resources or factors of production are not homogeneous;
.
2
3.1 Introduction
To extend the simple trade model to the more realistic case of increasing opportunity cost.
Taste/demand preference are introduced with community indifference curves.
MRT=opportunity of cost, and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.
The equilibrium-relative commodity price.
.
3
Introduction (cont’d)
To examine how, with trade, each nation gains by specializing in the production of the commodity of its comparative advantage and exporting some of its output in exchange for the commodity of its comparative disadvantage.
How the terms of trade are determined.
The deindustrialization problem in advanced countries.
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
.
4
3.2 The Production
Frontier with Increasing
Costs
Increasing opportunity costs means that the nation must give up more and more of one commodity to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.
Chapter 3
The Standard Trade Model
.
1
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Production Frontier with Increasing Costs
3.3 The Marginal Rate of Transformation
Increasing opportunity costs result in a production frontier that is concave from the origin, rather than a straight line.
.
5
3.3 Marginal rate of transformation
resources or factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion or intensity in the production of all commodities.
.
7
The different PPF
The difference in the production frontier is due to:
– Different factor endowments or resources at their disposal;
– Use different technologies in production.
The real world case…?
– No two nations have identical factor
Tastes can be shown graphically with indifference curves, which show the various combinations of two goods that give a consumer the same total level of satisfaction.
3.4 Community Indifference Curves
3.5 Equilibrium in Isolation
3.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Costs
3.7 Terms of Trade
3.8 Specialization, Trade and Deindustrialization
A community indifference curve shows the various combinations of two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation.
endowments (even with the access to the
same technology).
.
8
3.4 Community
Indifference Curves
Final pattern of trade depends not just on supply, but also on demand - which is determined by income & individual tastes.
MRT=△Y/△X=the slope of PPF MRTy/x mean the rate at which good Y can
transformed into good X.
.
6
Reasons for Increasing opportunity costs
resources or factors of production are not homogeneous;
.
2
3.1 Introduction
To extend the simple trade model to the more realistic case of increasing opportunity cost.
Taste/demand preference are introduced with community indifference curves.