高考英语构词规则及构词法复习
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构词法及规则复习
一.名词单数变复数的规则(不规则情况单独识记)
1) 一般在名词词尾加s,
① map—maps,bird—birds,orange—oranges,bike—bikes;
2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加es,
① box—boxes,class—classes,watch—watches,dish-dishes;
3) 以O结尾的名词后面加s或es
①photo—photos, radio—radios, zoo—zoos
tomato—tomatoes西红柿potato—potatoes土豆(黑人,英雄,西红柿,土豆加es)
4) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i+es
①baby—babies family—families;
以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加s boy—boys toy—toys ;
5) 以fe或f结尾的名词,把fe或f变为ves
knife—knives wife—wives self-selves shelf-shelves half-halves leaf—leaves knife-knives wolf-wolves life-lives
二.动词ing及ed形式的变化规则(不规则情况单独识记)
1.一般情况下直接加ing 或ed
think-thinking sleep-sleeping study-studying
worked played wanted acted
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词,去掉字母e,再加ing或ed
write—writing advance—advancing arrange--arranging
lived moved decided declined
3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词,先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing或ed
begin,cut, get, prefer, sit, spit, stop, swim,, forget, regret, 等. stopped begged
dragged dropped planned
注意:visit, open, listen 不是以重读闭音节结尾,不用双写.
travel 可以双写也可不双写, 如:travel—travelling/traveling
4.以ie结尾的动词,把ie改为y, 再加ing; die---dying lie---lying
而以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把y变为i 再加ed,如:studied tried copied justified cried carried
5. 特例:ski虽已i结尾,但是仍然直接加ing ski-skiing
三.形容词,副词比较级,最高级的变化规则(不规则情况单独识记)
1.一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,加-er,加-est;
small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
2.以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st;如:l arge→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
3.在重读闭音节中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;如:big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;如:easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest 5.其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most;如:beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
注意:(1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可不用.
(2)形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常".
四. 形容词变副词的规则
1. 一般情况下直接加“ly”,如quick---quickly
2.以辅音字母+“y”结尾的,将“y”改成“i”,再加“ly”,如happy---happily
但是如果读音为 / ai /,直接加ly,如:dry-dryly; shy---shyly
3. 少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。
如:true-truly due-duly(及时,按时)等。
但多数以e结尾的词仍加ly 如: nice-nicely wise-wisely polite-politely
4.以le或able结尾的词去e加y 如:
gentle-gently possible-possibly terrible-terribly
需注意: friendly; motherly; lovely等词是形容词而非副词。
5.以ll结尾的词只加y如:full-fully 以l结尾的词加ly.如:
usually carefully hopefully
6. 以ic结尾的词加ally automatic-automatically energetic-energetically