语言学课件

These are known as binary features because
we can group them into two categories: one
with this feature and the other without.

Binary features have two values or specifications

They are often written in shorthand forms as



A continuant (持续音) is a sound produced with an incomplete closure of the vocal tract. That is, any sound except a stop (plosive or nasal). An affricate is considered to be a complex segment, composed of both a stop and a continuant. The term strident (粗糙音) is often taken to be synonymous with the term sibilant (咝嚓音). Some linguists (as for instance Chomsky & Halle, 1964), group [f] and [v] as sibilants. But most phoneticians (for instance by Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996) continue to group them together with the bilabial fricatives. For a grouping of sibilants and [f, v], the term strident is more common.

Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varying length.
denoted by ‘ + ’ and ‘ – ’, so voiced obstruents
are marked [+voiced] and voiceless obstruents
are marked [–voiced].

The place features are not binary features; they are divided up into four values:

The regular past tense form in English is pronounced as [t] when the word ends with a voiceless consonant, [d] when it ends with a voiced sound, and [ɪd] when it ends with [t] or [d].

Since then several versions have been suggested.

Some of the major distinctions include [consonantal], [sonorant], [nasal] and [voiced].
The feature [consonantal] can distinguish between consonants and vowels, so all consonants are [+consonantal] and all vowels [–consonantal]. [sonorant] distinguishes between what we call obstruents (阻音，including stops, fricatives and affricates) and sonorants (响音，including all other consonants and vowels), with obstruents being [– sonorant] and others [+sonorant]. [nasal] and [voiced] of course distinguish nasal (including nasalized) sounds and voiced sounds respectively.
5.1 The syllable structure
σ
Onset (节首)
Rime（韵基/韵峰） Nucleus（节核） Coda（节尾）
k tkLeabharlann ræ
Open syllable: bar, tie Closed syllable: bard, tied English Syllable: (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) Chinese syllable: (C)V(C)
words in the sentence.
Changing English Stress Pattern
Becoming norm inTEGral coMMUNal forMIDable conTROVersy Considered conservative INtegral COMMunal FORmidable CONtroversy
RP vs. GA
RP laBORatory DEBris GARage GA LABoratory deBRIS gaRAGE
V vs. N
Verb conVICT inSULT proDUCE reBEL Noun CONvict INsult PROduce REbel

At the word level, it only applies to words with at least two syllables.

At the sentence level, a monosyllabic word
may be said to be stressed relative to other
Past tense forms in English



stopped, walked, coughed, kissed, leashed, reached stabbed, wagged, achieved, buzzed, soothed, bridged steamed, stunned, pulled played, flowed, studied wanted, located, decided, guided


Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)

When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
5.2 Stress

Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In transcription, a raised vertical line [│] is often used just before the syllable it relates to.

[PLACE: Labial] (唇音) [PLACE: Coronal] (舌冠/舌前音)
including +interior (龈前) and –interior

[PLACE: Dorsal] (舌面/舌背音) [PLACE: Radical] (舌根/G喉音) [Labial]p [Coronal]p [Dorsal]p [Radical]p

Sentence Stress




John bought a red car. JOHN bought a red car. John BOUGHT a red car. John bought a RED car. John bought a red CAR.
5.3 Intonation

For example, the fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.

A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables, the former being more prominent than the latter, which means that stress is a relative notion.

Now we can represent the rule that governs the unaspiration of /p/ after [s] in terms of features:
-cont [–spread] / [s]_____ -voiced [+spread] in other places