《新概念英语》第二册第5课
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Lesson 5
1:Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.
1) Just: 一、just可以作副词
1. 多用于完成时态中,置于动词与助动词之间,意为“刚才,刚刚”。
I have just finished my homework.我刚刚做完家庭作业。
有时,just也可用于一般过去时中,表示“刚才”。
The bell just rang. 铃刚响过。
2. 恰恰,正好(不用于否定句中,相当于exactly)
It's just half past six. 正好六点半。
That's just what he wanted. 那正是他所要的。
(否定句为:That's not quite what he wanted. 那不是他所要的。
)
3. 就是,就要(加强语气)
I live just round the corner. 我就住在拐弯附近。
4. 相当于only,意为“仅仅,只是”。
He is just a child. 他仅仅是一个孩子。
I just want to talk to you. 我只是想和你谈谈。
2) 5. 用于祈使句中,以引起对某事的注意,有时可以使语气婉转,意为“就请,尽管……好了”。
Just (=Please) come here a moment. 请过来一下。
Just listen to me!就请听一听我说!
6. 用于形容词前,意为“太”、“真”、“非常”,常用于口语中。
I am just happy. 我太高兴了。
The concert was just splendid. 音乐会真不错。
7. 用于其它副词前,不含什么意义。
It is just about enough. 差不多了。
He is just about there. 他就在那附近。
二、just用作形容词
1. 相当于fair或upright,意为“正义的,正直的”、“公平的,公正的”。
My brother is a very just man.我哥哥是一个很正直的人。
The law is just.法律是公正的。
2. 合理的,适当的
It is a just claim. 这是正当的要求。
He gave a just opinion. 他提了一个合理的意见。
3. 应得的
This is your just reward. 这是你应得的报酬。
That man received a just punishment. 那个人受到了应得的惩罚。
三、与just有关的一些短语
1. just now
(1) 用于过去时,意为“刚才”,即a moment ago。
She was here just now. 她刚才还在这儿。
(2)用于现在时,意为“这会儿,眼下”,即at this moment。
I'm free just now. 我这会儿有空。
2. just as 正如,恰似(as后加表示方式的状语从句)
She loves singing just as her mother did.她喜欢唱歌,正像她妈妈过去喜欢唱歌一样。
3. just then 就在那时
Just then, he came in. 就在那时,他进来了。
4. just about 几乎,差不多
Just about everyone came to hear the man speak. 几乎每个人都来听那个人演讲。
5. just the same 照样,尽管……还,完全一样
It was raining, but he arrived in time just the same.尽管天下着雨,但他还是及时到了。
3. another: 1. another的确指的是“三者或以上中的另外一个”,一般修饰名词单数。
此时:another = an other.
2. 但是,它还有一个固定结构:
another + 基数词+ 名词复数= 基数词+ more + 名词复数
其意思是“另外/再多少个...”。
another six apples = six more apples 再(想要)六个苹果another two books = two more books 还(需要)两本书
3 此时不可以把another换成other,因为它们的含义不同,另外other的位置要和more 类似,紧紧地放在名词前面才行。
I want another six apples. 我还想要六个苹果。
I want six other apples. 我想要其他的六个苹果。
5.another 与other的区别
1>. other可作形容词或代词,做形容词时,意思是“别的,其他”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。
如:
Do you have any other question(s)? 你还有其他问题吗?
Ask some other people. 问问别人吧!
Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你另一只手里。
2:>the other指两个人或物中的一个时,只能用the other,不能用another,此时的other作代词。
如:
He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. 他有两个女儿,一个是护士,另一个是工人。
the other后可加单数名词,也可加复数名词,此时的other作形容词。
如:
On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵大树。
Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。
He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。
3:>others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”,“其余的”。
在句中可作主语、宾语。
如:Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞,其余的从事体育活动。
Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧!
There are no others. 没有别的了。
4>:the others意思是“其他东西,其余的人”。
特指某一范围内的“其他的(人或物)”。
是the other的复数形式。
如:
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园,其余的留在家里。
the others=the other 复数名词,这在第2条中已经有所介绍。
5>: another=an other,既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。
如:
I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个。
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker.
我有三个女儿。
一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人
2:Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons.
1)from: 一、基本用法归纳
1. (表示起点)从
He ran all the way home from school. 他从学校一路跑回家。
Our prices start from £2.50 a bottle. 我们的售价从2.5英镑一瓶开始。
2. (表出处、来源等)出自,来自,从…而来
This beer is imported from Mexico. 这种啤酒是从墨西哥进口的。
3. (表原因)由于,因为
They are tired out from planting the corn yesterday. 由于昨天种了一天玉米,今天他们都十分疲劳。
4.(表距离、脱离,分离)离
The house is five miles from the town. 这房子离市镇有5英里路。
5. (表原料、材料)用,由
Paper is made from wood. 纸用木材做原料。
6.(表避免、阻止、遮蔽)避免,防止,以免
He covered his wife from the man’s blows with his body. 他用身体挡住那人,从而使他妻子免遭打击。
7.(表区别、差异)由,与(…不同)
I can’t tell one twin from the other. 我分不出双胞胎中谁是谁。
8.(表判断、观点)由(…来看),根据(…来判断)
From her looks you would say she was about twenty. 从她的模样看,你会说她约摸20岁。
9.(表根据、依据)凭,据:He played the music from memory. 他凭记忆演奏了那首曲子。
二、用法搭配归纳
1. from…on 从…起
He never spoke to her again from that day on. 从那天以后他再没有同她说过话。
2. from…to…从…到…
He flew from Beijing to Shanghai. 他坐飞机从北京到上海。
三、语法说明与惯用法说明
1. 有时其后可接介词短语
Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。
比较:
I took it from the bed. 我从床那儿(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我从床下拿的。
注意,下面一句用了from where(引导非限制性定语从句),而未用from which,其中的where=in the tree,即from where=from in the tree:
He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance. 他躲在一棵树上,从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。
2. 有时其后可接when, where引导的宾语从句(可视为其前省略了the time, the place):
He didn’t speak to me from when we moved in. 从我们迁入之时起,他没和我说过话。
From where I stood I could see everything clearly. 从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。
3. 某些由from…to…构成的习语通常不带冠词:
from house to house 挨家挨户from time to time 不时地from day to day 一天天地
from head to foot 从头至脚, 全身from beginning to end从头至尾
from hand to mouth 赚一点吃一点, 仅能糊口
3) :so的用法
so可用作副词和连词,作副词,可译作“这样地;像……一样;(……也)正是那样”,作连词,
可译作“所以;那么.”
1. so通常置于所修饰的形容词、副词之前.
so修饰“a(an)+形容词+名词”时,排列顺序为“so+形容词+a(an)+名词”.如:
I”ve never seen so amusing a film. 我从来没有看过这么有趣的电影.
此时要注意与such的区别,即such修饰“a(an)+形容词+名词”,排列顺序为such +a(an)+形容词+名词.如:I”ve never seen such a beautiful lake.我从未见过这么美丽的湖.
此时要注意:a, an置于such之后,但no,any, some, all, many等则置于such之前.如:
I”ve heard of some such rumors. 我听到过一些这样的谣传.
2. so+系动词(助动词或情态动词)+另一主语.
此句型是主谓倒装结构,表示前句所述肯定情况也适用于另一主语.其中so作“也这样;也如此”解.
此时要注意:so后的系动词、助动词或情态动词须同前一句的谓语动词保持一致.如:
I enjoy reading the book and so does my wife. 我喜欢看这本书,我的妻子也喜欢.
so用于肯定句,否定句则用neither.如:
I don”t like carrots. 我不喜欢胡萝卜.
Neither do I. 我也不喜欢.
3. so +主语+系动词(助动词或情态动词)此句型的主语与前一句的主语相同,因而主谓不倒装.
这种句型表示说话者对前句所提到的情况或事实表示赞同,其中so作“不错;确实如此”解.如:
-It is cold today. 今天天气很冷.-So it is. 不错,是很冷.
-He studies hard. 他学习很努力.-So he does. 确实如此.
4. 主语+表示看法、意见等动词+so
在此句型中,so只用于避免重复前面所说过的内容,等于代替肯定的名词性从句.可与believe, imagine, do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think等动词及I”m afraid连用.如:-Is he going to study abroad? 他打算去留学吗?
-I believe so. (=I believe (that)he is going to study abroad. )我想是的.
此时要注意:think so, believe so, expect so,等变为否定形式有两种方法:(1)可以用动词的否定结构.如:I don”t believe(suppose, think …)so等;(2)也可用not代替so,但be afraid so,fear so,hope so等变为否定形式只能用not代替so.如:I hope not, I fear not, I”m afraid not. 要注意此用法不能和表示确信、疑问的词连用.如:
I”m sure of it.我确信如此.(不能说I”m sure so. )
5. 主语+do+so
在此句型中,so和动词do连用,可用来替代上文出现过的动宾和动状结构,以避免重复.如:
-Have you handed in your homework? 你的作业交了没有?
-I did so yesterday. (did so = handed in my homework. )(动宾结构)我的作业交了.
-Jack can jump over the fence. 杰克能跳过这个栅栏.
-I”m not sure whether David can do so. (do so = jump over the fence. )(动状结构)大卫能不能,我没把握.
6. 作连词时,意为“因此,所以”引导目的或结果状语从句.如:
I”m going to take an early bus so that I”ll get there in time. 我打算乘早班公共汽车,以便及时赶到那里.(目的状语从句)
I took an early bus so that I got there in time. 我乘了早班公共汽车,及时赶到了那里.(结果状语从句)
3:Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury.
1)carry: bring, take , fetch , get , carry
这几个动词都有“携带”、“运送”的意思。
但它们表示的动作方向不同。
bring是“带来”。
Don’t forget to bring a dictionary with you. 别忘了把辞典带来。
take是“带去”。
Please take the small blackboard to the classroom 请把这块小黑板带到教室去。
fetch是“去取”,“去拿来”。
can you fetch it out and show me it? 你能把它拿出来给我看看吗? Fetch me my hat please. 请把我的帽子取来。
Fetch me the tape from my drawer, please.请把我抽屉里的磁带取来。
2) From---to
from…to…类介词结构用法归纳
一、from…to…类结构的用法
1. 主要意思
(1) 表示“从……至……”“从……到……”。
如:
How far is it from your office to the bank? 从你办公室到银行有多远?
We are removing from London to the country. 我们正从伦敦迁往乡下。
I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground. 我要一条绳,其长度能从最上一扇窗户垂到地面。
(2) 表示“由……变成……”“将……改为……”。
如:
He has moved from acting to film production. 他由演员变成了制片人。
She’s been downgraded from principal to deputy. 她已从校长降为副校长。
He swings from wild optimism to total despair. 他由极其乐观一变而为完全绝望。
The room was converted from a kitchen to a lavatory. 这房间由厨房改成了厕所。
(3) 表示“从一个……到另一个……”“一个……一个地”“逐个……”“挨个……”。
如: These people go from house to house selling goods. 这些人挨家挨户兜售货物。
The ape swung along from branch to branch. 那只猿猴从一根树枝汤到另一根树枝上。
He went from village to village, seeking for work. 他从一个村子到另一个村子,找寻工作。
I like to hop from channel to channel when I watch TV. 我看电视时喜欢不断地换频道。
Migrant workers move from country to country in search of work. 流动工人从一国迁到另一国找寻工作。
The smaller animals can easily leap from tree to tree. 身体较小的动物可以在树丛间轻巧地跳来跳去。
2. 主要句法功能
(1) 用作表语
Lunch is from eleven to two. 从十一点到两点开午饭。
Office hours are from 9 am to 5 pm. 办公时间从上午9点到下午5点。
The price range is from $100 to $500. 价格在100美元至500美元之间不等。
In Britain the long vacation is from June to October. 在英国,长的假期是从六月到十月。
The annual range of temperature is from –10℃to 40℃. 全年的温度较差为零下10度至40度。
(2) 用作状语
She went straight from school to university. 她中学一毕业就马上进了大学。
Salaries are from 10% to 50% higher than in Britain. 薪金比在英国高10%到15%。
The World Cup Final was beamed live from Britain to Japan. 世界杯决赛从英国向日本作了实
况转播。
I work from Tuesday to Saturday, and Sunday and Monday are my days off. 我从星期二到星期六工作,星期日和星期一休息。
(3) 用作定语
通常用于名词后作定语。
如:
The transition from boyhood to manhood can be a confusing period. 从少年时期向成年时期的转变常是令人困惑的时期。
但有时from…to…结构用于名词前起修饰作用,此时通常可视为from…后(也就介词to之前)省略了一个名词。
如:
Norway jumped from ninth to third place. 挪威从第9位跃升至第3位。
(可视为ninth的后面省略了place)
Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes. 水结冰是由液态变为固态。
(可视为liquid的后面省略了state)
Could you cut your essay from 10,000 to 5,000 words? 请把你的那篇文章从10,000字删减到5,000字行吗?(可视为10,000的后面省略了words)
3. 连用名词时是否用冠词
当from…to…用于连接两个名词时,有时名词前需带有冠词,有时不用,情形比较复杂,大致遵循的原则如下:
(1) 若所搭配的名词意思比较具体,是在谈论特定场合的具体人或事物,则通常要用冠词。
如:
The book fell from the table to the floor. 书从桌上掉到地板上。
The scene cuts from the shop to the street. 镜头从商店转换到街道。
A bus transported us from the airport to the city. 一辆公共汽车把我们从机场送到市区。
(2) 若所搭配的名词意思比较抽象,只是在谈论一般概念或一般规律等,则不用冠词。
比较: This skill wasn’t handed down from the father to the son. 这项技术并没有从父亲传给儿子。
These skills used to be handed down from father to son. 这些技术以往都是父子相传。
It is not far from the house he lived in to the house I lived in. 从他居住的房子到我居住的房子并不远。
She went from house to house asking if anyone had seen the child. 她一家家去问是否有人见过这个小孩子。
(3) 但有时用不用冠词,与说话人的侧重点有关。
比较并体会:
Then we transferred from a bus to a tram. 然后我们从公共汽车换成电车。
This is where we change from car to bus. 这就是我们从小汽车换乘公共汽车的地方。
(4) 在由from…to…构成的习语中,名词前通常是不用冠词的(见后面有关习语的用法归纳)。
如:
He works from dawn till dusk. 他从天亮工作到天黑。
From time to time I still think of her. 我仍然不时地想起她。
He knows the subject from beginning to end. 这个专题他了如指掌。
The children were covered in mud from head to toe. 孩子们全身沾满了污泥。
She went from house to house asking if anyone had seen the child. 她一家家去问是否有人见过这个小孩子。
4: The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
1): cover:【cover用法精析】
(1)cover作为动词,意为“覆盖,涉及”等。
As we’ve seen,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.正如我们所知,海洋覆盖地球面积的70%以上。
The talks are expected to cover other topics,too.会谈估计还会涉及别的问题。
By sunset we had covered thirty miles.到日落的时候,我们已走了三十英里。
(2)cover作为名词意为“封面,盖子”等。
A box usually has a cover. 盒子通常都有盖子。
2):distance adj. distant
in the distance/at a distance的用法
in the distance意思比较模糊和笼统,就指“在远处”,比如说:
I see a light in the distance 我看见了远处的灯光
I can see the bus coming in the distance. 我看见公共汽车从远处开了过来。
at a distance意思是“稍远处”,隐含了一个比较的意思在里面,比如说:
The picture looks better at a distance. 这幅画从稍远的地方看就更好。
除此之外,at a distance还可以跟of连用,后面跟一个具体的距离,来看一个例句:
The sound of the waterfall can be heard at a distance of 20 miles.
瀑布的声音在距离它20英里远的地方就能听到。
3):in<1>、表示地点、场所或范围
He lived in a small village.他过去住在一个小村子里。
There are many stars in the sky. 空中有很多星星。
He is the tallest boy in the class.他是班里个子最高的男孩。
<2>、表示在一段时间之后
My father will come back in a month. 我父亲将于一个月后回来。
<3>、表示状态,情况或境遇
The old man is in good health. 这位老人身体很好。
His grandmother's life is in danger.他祖母生命危险。
The woman is in trouble.这位妇女处于困境中。
<4>、表示一段时间
We'll play football in the afternoon.下午我们将踢足球。
<5>、表示衣着
She is always in a red blouse. 她总是穿着红色衬衫。
<6>、表示所用的工具或材料或表示表达意思的途径
Please write in English.请用英语写。
I usually write in ink.我通常用墨水写。
<7>、组成一些词组(常作表语或状语用)
in a hurry 匆忙,in a minute 一会儿,in no time 立刻,很快,
in fact 实际上,in surprise 惊奇地,in trouble 处于困境,
in front of……在……前面,in the middle of……在……中间,in (one's)life 一生中。
5:Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.
1) :send的用法
及物动词vt.
1.发送,寄
She sent me a Christmas card. 她给我寄来一张圣诞贺卡.
Please have this note sent to Mr. Harrison. 请派人把这张条子送给哈里森先生.
You'd better send the letter by air. 这封信你最好寄航空.
2.派遣,打发;使进(学校等)
He sent his son to return the books to the library. 他派他儿子把书还给图书馆.
3.使进入(特定状态);(迫)使
The news almost sent her mad. 这消息几乎使她发疯了.
4.发射;发出;长出
The flowers send forth fragrance. 这些花散发出香味.
5.传递;转达
不及物动词vi.
1.差使;派人;送信Has she sent for a taxi? 她有没有请人去叫出租车?
2)up to的用法比较多,很容易混淆,总结如下:
1. “up to ”意为“多达”。
例如:I can take up to four people in my car. (我的车能载4 个人。
)
2. “up to ”意为“不多于,不迟于”。
例如:Read up to page 109. (读到第100 页。
)
3. “up to ”意为“可与某事物相比,比得上”。
例如:As a doctor,he is not up to Mr Smith.(作为一名医生,他不能与史密斯先生相比。
)
4. “up to ”意为“有某种能力的,能胜任的”。
例如:He's not up to the part of Othello.(他演不了奥赛罗这个角色。
)
5. “up to ”意为“从事于,忙于”。
例如:What's he up to? (他要干什么?)
6. “up to ”意为“由……决定,由……负责”。
例如:It's up to you whether we accept the present or not.(要不要这份礼物由你决定。
)
7. “up to ”意为“(时间)直到”。
例如:Up to now he's been quiet. (他直到现在还保持沉默。
)
8. “up to ”后面接表示时间、日期的名词时,意为“跟得上形势,时髦”。
例如:Most of her clothes are up to date. (她的大多数衣服都很时髦。
)
9. “up to ”后面接表示刻度、标准的词语时,意为“达到某种要求或水平”。
例如:Is their spoken English up to the company's standard?(他们的英语口语达到公司的水平了吗?)
3):a great many
<1>、用法
a great many 后直接跟复数名词,动词用复数.用于肯定句中,相当于many,a large number of.
a great many后接可数名词复数,不加of.
如:I have a great many things to do.
如a great many后接代词时,则须加上of.例
如:A great many of them have seen the film.
<2>、区别
★修饰可数名词的有:a good / great many, a large / great number of, scores of等,谓语动词用复数形式。
如:A great / good many words and expressions have come into the language from American English.
这门语言吸收了美国英语中的许多单词和短语。
There were scores of boxes, all waiting to be checked and loaded. 大批的箱子等着检验后装运。
★修饰不可数名词的有:a large amount of等,谓语动词用单数形式。
如:
He has spent a large amount of money on his new house.
他在新房子上花费了许多钱。
★既能修饰可数名词,又能修饰不可数名词的有:a lot of, lots of, plenty of等,谓语动词根据被修饰的名词是可数还是不可数来决定单复数形式。
如:
There are a lot of / lots of people in that room.那个房间里有许多人。
There’s a lot of / lots of rice in the bag.那只口袋里有许多大米。
There are plenty of eggs in the fridge.冰箱里有足够的鸡蛋。
Don’t worry about it. We have plenty of time.不要着急,我们有充裕的时间。
4):request
1、用作名词,意为“请求”,是可数名词。
如:
It is my last request —I shall never ask you anything again. 这是我的最后一个请求,我再也不会向你提任何要求。
She refused all requests for an interview. 她拒绝了所有的采访请求。
2、用作动词,意为“请求”。
这时,其后可以跟名词、不定式的复合结构以及从句作宾语。
尤其要注意,当从句作宾语时,从句谓语常用“(should) + 动词原形”结构。
如:
You have to request permission if you want to take any photos here.
如果你想要在这儿拍照的话,需要申请准许。
We requested him to leave the room as soon as possible.我们请求他尽快离开这个房间。
I requested that he (should) leave.我请求他离开。
5):urgent adj. 急迫的,紧要的,紧急的
This work is not urgent; we can do it tomorrow.这件工作不急,我们可以明天再做。
6: In this way, he has begun his own private 'telephone' service.
1): way <1>、in a way的用法
表示:在一定程度上,从某方面说。
如:
In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。
注:in a way也可说成in one way。
<2>、on the way的用法
1、表示:即将来(去),就要来(去)。
Spring is on the way.春天快到了。
2、表示:在路上,在行进中。
He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。
3、表示:(婴儿)尚未出生。
She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子,现在还怀着一个。
<3>、by the way的用法
1、表示:在途中的路旁。
They stopped for a picnic by the way.他们途中停在路边野餐。
2、表示:顺便说,顺便问。
By the way,do you know where Mary lives?顺便问一下,你知道玛丽住在哪里吗?
<4>、in the way的用法表示:挡路,碍事。
如:
I'm afraid your car is in the way,恐怕你的汽车挡道了。
注:in the way有时也可说成in sb's way。
如:You are in my way.你挡着我的路了。