西方修辞学简史
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梭伦改革 （奠基) 克利斯提尼改革 （确立） 伯利克里改革 （顶峰)
①按财产多 寡划分等级 ②建立民众 法庭 ③设立四百 人会议 进一步打 击氏族制度 残余
①用10个地域部 落取代4个血缘部 落 ②设立500人会议 ③成立十将军委 员会 ④实行陶片放逐 法 打破了血缘关系， 大大削弱了氏族 贵族的势力
Aristotle (亚里士多德) and his theory about rhetoric
Aristotle, Plato's student (384-322 BC) famously set forth an extended treatise on rhetoric that still repays careful study today. In the first sentence of The Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle says that "rhetoric” is the counterpart of dialectic. He means that rhetoric has a domain or scope of application that is parallel to but different from the domain or scope of application of dialectic.
Some Roman rhetoricians and their theory
1、Marcus Tullius Cicero(西塞罗) 1) Exordium 2) Narratio 3) partitio 4)confirmatio
the argument) (introduction) (a discussion of what has (a division of the argument (proofs for or confirmation of
According to Corax, legal arguments
should consist of four parts: introductory, explanation, argumentation and conclusion. (Corax 将法律演说分成四个部分：前言，解释， 论辩和结论。)
Isocrates
Isocrates (436-338 B.C.) founder of the first rhetorical school in history. Isocrates’ philosophical idea: Reality is immediate human experience: “What you see is what you get.” Knowledge is tentative. We can’t know anything for sure. “A good opinion is one that helps explain life in a way that helps people get along in the world.” His trained a large amount of political figures, and statesmen, promoted the practical use of rhetorical arts.
2.1 Classical Rhetoric (5th B.C – 5th A.D.) 2.2 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages（5th –14 th c. ） 2.3 Rhetoric in the Renaissance（15th –16 th c. ） 2.4 New Classic Rhetoric （17th –19th c. ） 2.5 Contemporary Rhetoric
Plato and his theory about rhetoric
Plato maintained that rhetoric was the expression of truth and the art of rational discourse rather than the art of eloquent expression. He argued that clarity, consistency and naturalness were the only features necessary for the effective presentation of ideas. He asserted that genuine eloquence derived its force from truth and spontaneity. This, in part, was a reaction to the use of rhetorical artifice by the Sophists as a means of deceiving and manipulating people.
有名的捉刀人，专门为诉讼者撰写诉状) were the first
rhetoricians in history.
His theory: the first is a theory of how
arguments should be developed from
probabilities; the second is their first concept of organization of a message.
①扩大公民参政范 围 ②改革公民大会 ③改革500人会议 ④提高陪审法庭的 地位 ⑤扩大十将军委员 会的权力 ⑥发放工资和津贴 ⑦发放观剧津贴 完善民主机构 健全保障体制
Many historians credit the ancient city-state of Athens as the birthplace of classical rhetoric. Because Athenian democracy marshaled every free male into politics, every Athenian man had to be ready to stand in the Assembly and speak to persuade his countrymen to vote for or against a particular piece of legislation. A man’s success and influence in ancient Athens depended on his rhetorical ability. Consequently, small schools dedicated to teaching rhetoric began to form. The first of these schools began in the 5th century B.C. among an itinerant group of teachers called the Sophists
苏格拉底 （469—399 B.C.） 我们对苏格拉底的知识大多来自于 柏拉图的著作。在柏拉图的《申辩篇》 中，他列出苏格拉底大多数著名的哲 学思想：做自己认为对的事，即使全 宇宙都反对；追求真知，即使全世界 都反对。 除了柏拉图，雅典人都认为苏格拉底是诡辩 家。苏格拉底的思想似乎非常接近诡辩家， 但事实上，他反对诡辩修辞主张的演讲者应 该为了胜利不择手段。他认为修辞虽然让人 印象深刻，但言之无物。不像诡辩家强调口 才和形式，苏格拉底注重思想、真理和智慧。
The Sophists would travel from polis to polis teaching young men in public spaces how to speak and debate. The most famous of the Sophists schools were led by Gorgias and Isocrates. Because rhetoric and public speaking were essential for success in political life, students were willing to pay Sophist teachers great sums of money in exchange for tutoring. A typical Sophist curriculum consisted of analyzing poetry, defining parts of speech, and instruction on argumentation styles. They taught their students how to make a weak argument stronger and a strong argument weak. Sophists prided themselves on their ability to win any debate on any subject even if they had no prior knowledge of the topic through the use of confusing analogies, flowery metaphors, and clever wordplay. In short, the Sophists focused on style and presentation even at the expense of truth.
Ethos includes one’s personal standing, academic authority,
Deduction 演绎法 Induction 归纳法
.
Emotional appeal depends on the skillful and witty handling of language.
著名的诡辩家
普罗泰戈拉（Protagoras) 高尔吉亚（Gorgias)
① ② ③ ④
普罗迪科斯(Prodicus)
希皮亚斯（Hippias of elis）
诡辩论
The search for truth was not top priority They boasted of their ability to make the worse appear the better reason,to prove that black is white.
Classical Rhetoric
Rhetoric originates form the ancient Grecce
Ancient Greek democracy Greek sophists & scholars
Roman rhetoricians&their throry
古希腊民主政治对其影响
Ancient Greek rhetoricians and their theory
(科拉克斯
Corax
高尔吉亚 （Gorgias)
普罗泰戈拉 （Pwk.baidu.comotagoras
Socrates (苏格拉底)
Isocrates (伊索科拉迪)
Plato (柏拉图)
Aristotle (亚里士多德)
Corax of Syracuse and his students Tisias(蒂西亚斯，
Aristotle heavily emphasizes the three basic elements in rhetoric: logos(逻辑), pathos(情感) and ethos(人格).
Logos Pathos Ethos （logical reasoning） （emotional appeal） （ethical appeal）
①按财产多 寡划分等级 ②建立民众 法庭 ③设立四百 人会议 进一步打 击氏族制度 残余
①用10个地域部 落取代4个血缘部 落 ②设立500人会议 ③成立十将军委 员会 ④实行陶片放逐 法 打破了血缘关系， 大大削弱了氏族 贵族的势力
Aristotle (亚里士多德) and his theory about rhetoric
Aristotle, Plato's student (384-322 BC) famously set forth an extended treatise on rhetoric that still repays careful study today. In the first sentence of The Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle says that "rhetoric” is the counterpart of dialectic. He means that rhetoric has a domain or scope of application that is parallel to but different from the domain or scope of application of dialectic.
Some Roman rhetoricians and their theory
1、Marcus Tullius Cicero(西塞罗) 1) Exordium 2) Narratio 3) partitio 4)confirmatio
the argument) (introduction) (a discussion of what has (a division of the argument (proofs for or confirmation of
According to Corax, legal arguments
should consist of four parts: introductory, explanation, argumentation and conclusion. (Corax 将法律演说分成四个部分：前言，解释， 论辩和结论。)
Isocrates
Isocrates (436-338 B.C.) founder of the first rhetorical school in history. Isocrates’ philosophical idea: Reality is immediate human experience: “What you see is what you get.” Knowledge is tentative. We can’t know anything for sure. “A good opinion is one that helps explain life in a way that helps people get along in the world.” His trained a large amount of political figures, and statesmen, promoted the practical use of rhetorical arts.
2.1 Classical Rhetoric (5th B.C – 5th A.D.) 2.2 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages（5th –14 th c. ） 2.3 Rhetoric in the Renaissance（15th –16 th c. ） 2.4 New Classic Rhetoric （17th –19th c. ） 2.5 Contemporary Rhetoric
Plato and his theory about rhetoric
Plato maintained that rhetoric was the expression of truth and the art of rational discourse rather than the art of eloquent expression. He argued that clarity, consistency and naturalness were the only features necessary for the effective presentation of ideas. He asserted that genuine eloquence derived its force from truth and spontaneity. This, in part, was a reaction to the use of rhetorical artifice by the Sophists as a means of deceiving and manipulating people.
有名的捉刀人，专门为诉讼者撰写诉状) were the first
rhetoricians in history.
His theory: the first is a theory of how
arguments should be developed from
probabilities; the second is their first concept of organization of a message.
①扩大公民参政范 围 ②改革公民大会 ③改革500人会议 ④提高陪审法庭的 地位 ⑤扩大十将军委员 会的权力 ⑥发放工资和津贴 ⑦发放观剧津贴 完善民主机构 健全保障体制
Many historians credit the ancient city-state of Athens as the birthplace of classical rhetoric. Because Athenian democracy marshaled every free male into politics, every Athenian man had to be ready to stand in the Assembly and speak to persuade his countrymen to vote for or against a particular piece of legislation. A man’s success and influence in ancient Athens depended on his rhetorical ability. Consequently, small schools dedicated to teaching rhetoric began to form. The first of these schools began in the 5th century B.C. among an itinerant group of teachers called the Sophists
苏格拉底 （469—399 B.C.） 我们对苏格拉底的知识大多来自于 柏拉图的著作。在柏拉图的《申辩篇》 中，他列出苏格拉底大多数著名的哲 学思想：做自己认为对的事，即使全 宇宙都反对；追求真知，即使全世界 都反对。 除了柏拉图，雅典人都认为苏格拉底是诡辩 家。苏格拉底的思想似乎非常接近诡辩家， 但事实上，他反对诡辩修辞主张的演讲者应 该为了胜利不择手段。他认为修辞虽然让人 印象深刻，但言之无物。不像诡辩家强调口 才和形式，苏格拉底注重思想、真理和智慧。
The Sophists would travel from polis to polis teaching young men in public spaces how to speak and debate. The most famous of the Sophists schools were led by Gorgias and Isocrates. Because rhetoric and public speaking were essential for success in political life, students were willing to pay Sophist teachers great sums of money in exchange for tutoring. A typical Sophist curriculum consisted of analyzing poetry, defining parts of speech, and instruction on argumentation styles. They taught their students how to make a weak argument stronger and a strong argument weak. Sophists prided themselves on their ability to win any debate on any subject even if they had no prior knowledge of the topic through the use of confusing analogies, flowery metaphors, and clever wordplay. In short, the Sophists focused on style and presentation even at the expense of truth.
Ethos includes one’s personal standing, academic authority,
Deduction 演绎法 Induction 归纳法
.
Emotional appeal depends on the skillful and witty handling of language.
著名的诡辩家
普罗泰戈拉（Protagoras) 高尔吉亚（Gorgias)
① ② ③ ④
普罗迪科斯(Prodicus)
希皮亚斯（Hippias of elis）
诡辩论
The search for truth was not top priority They boasted of their ability to make the worse appear the better reason,to prove that black is white.
Classical Rhetoric
Rhetoric originates form the ancient Grecce
Ancient Greek democracy Greek sophists & scholars
Roman rhetoricians&their throry
古希腊民主政治对其影响
Ancient Greek rhetoricians and their theory
(科拉克斯
Corax
高尔吉亚 （Gorgias)
普罗泰戈拉 （Pwk.baidu.comotagoras
Socrates (苏格拉底)
Isocrates (伊索科拉迪)
Plato (柏拉图)
Aristotle (亚里士多德)
Corax of Syracuse and his students Tisias(蒂西亚斯，
Aristotle heavily emphasizes the three basic elements in rhetoric: logos(逻辑), pathos(情感) and ethos(人格).
Logos Pathos Ethos （logical reasoning） （emotional appeal） （ethical appeal）