语法翻译法与直接法

Gramamer-Translation Method
From the 16th century to 19th century,the grammar translation method is a foreign language teaching method derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. The founder is H.G.Ollendoff. • The aim of this method is to be able to read and translate literary masterpieces and classics.
2.2 Techniques
• 1. Direct association (直接联系): new language items are presented by associating meaning with the target language directly. • 2. Question and answer exercises: in order to have the newly-introduced language items fully understood by students, the teacher answers students’ questions and asks students to answer her questions in full sentences. • 3. Conversation practice: students are encouraged to ask each other questions using the same grammatical structures they have practiced. • 4. Error correction. Students are not allowed to make mistakes. Their mistakes are immediately corrected by the teacher or by students themselves.
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1.1 Objectives
• In the Grammar-Translation Method, the ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language is to enable the learners to read and translate its literature of the target language. 1.(1).Grammar-Translation is considered as a necessary preliminary to the study of literary works. (2). Students are required to memorize grammatical rules in order to understand and manipulate morphology and syntax of the target language. (3). The students who can translate from one language into another are considered successful language learners. 2. The other objectives of the method are to provide students with good mental exercise that help develop their minds, and to gain a better understanding of the first language.
2.1 Objectives
• 3.The reason for the exclusive use of the foreign language in the Direct Method is to enable the students to think in the target language, so that they can use it to express themselves directly without referring to their mother tongue. • 4.To train for basic language skills is not neglected ,but reading and writing exercises should be based upon what the students practice orally first. • 5.Pronunciation is paid attention to from the beginning of a course. Vocabulary takes precedence over grammar. • 6. To achieve correct pronunciation.
2. Direct Method
• The theory of language underlying the Direct Method was mainly derived from the following views proposed by the innovations and reformers of the 19th century. Its founder is F. Gouin. • Objectives: • 1. The objectives of the Direct Method are to foster the students’ ability to communicate in the target language. • 2. The general goal of a language programme is to teach conversational skills.
1.4 Advantanges and Disadvantanges
• １、在外语教学里利用文 • 法，利用学生的理解力， 以提高外语教学的效果。 • ２、重视阅读、翻译能力 的培养，重视语法知识的 传授以及对学生智慧的磨 炼。３、使用方便。只要 教师掌握了外语的基本知 识，就可以拿着外语课本 • 教外语。不需要什么教具 和设备。４、在外语教学 里创建了翻译的教学形式， 对建立外语教学法体系做 • 出了重大的贡献。
Gramamer-Translation Method and Direct Method
Contents
1. Gramamer-Translation Method 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Techniques 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 2. Direct Method 2.1 Objectives 2.2 techniques 2.3 Advantages and disadvantages
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1.2 Techniques
• 1.Reading: ①reading passages are planned around the sequenced grammatical structures and vocabulary to be studied. • ②The passages may be excerpted from literary works or carefully written by a compiler, including particular grammar rules and vocabulary. • 2.Translation:① translation can be employed in presenting a new grammatical item, understanding a new passage, or as exercises at the end of a lesson; the materials may be written or spoken. ②Literal translation should be followed by free translation. ③Sentence translation usually takes place before passage translation. • 3. Deductive teaching of grammar ( 演绎法语法教学 ): grammar rules are taught directly by the teacher with exception to each rule noted. Then the rues are practiced through translation exercises.
1.2 Techniques
• 4. Analysis and comparison. In order to applying grammar rules to specific examples and to understand the reading passage, difficult sentences re analyzed in detail and compared with the first language sentence. Usually, the function of each part of sentence is clearly explained. • 5. Memorization: one of the techniques is used in the Grammar-Translation Method. • 6. Reading comprehension questions • 7. Written work (书面作业): • (1).Fill-in-the-blanks is one kind of written work which requires students to fill in the blanks in a sentence or in a passage with new vocabulary items or with items of a particular grammar type. • (2).Using new words to make up sentences • (3).Composition. Students are asked to write about a topic that is based upon some aspects of the reading passage of the lesson.
1.Overemphasis on translation can never emancipate the learners from dependence on the first language. 2.The Grammar-Translation puts too much emphasis on reading and writing and neglects listening and speaking. Knowing a large number of grammatical rules can not ensure that students can use them appropriately in real communicative situation. 3. In the Grammar-Translation Method, the texts are mostly taken form literary works. The language learned often doesn’t meet the practical needs of the learners. 4. memorizing grammar rules and bilingual word lists does not motivate students to actively communicate in the target language.