定语从句(经典版)

定语从句2008-12-7

在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,也叫形容词性从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who，whom，whose ，which ，that 等和关系副词where ，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。

1．由who，whom，whose引导的定语从句。

这类定语从句中，who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。例如：

This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)

The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)

Do you know the boy whose name is Xiang Yuchuan? 你认识那个叫向裕川的男孩吗？

注意：whose表示所属关系时，可与of whom/of which 转换，即：the +名词+ of whom/of which。如：

His uncle, the office of whom (=whose office )we have just passed, is a lawyer.

He has a book the cover of which (=whose cover) is very beautiful.

The building the windows of which (=whose windows )are painted blue is our school library.

2. which引导的定语从句。

Which在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语。例如：

The building which stands near the river is our school .

This is the book which you want .

The room in which there is a machine is workshop.

注意：

①whom，which作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom，which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。例如：

This is the person whom you are looking for .

②引导非限制性定语从句时，关系代词往往用which，不用that. 例如：

I have lost my pen, which I like very much .

3. 由that引导的定语从句。

that在定语从句中可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语。例如：

The letter that I received was from my father.

注意在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句：

(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。

All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。

He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。

There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。

I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。

(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时。

This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。

This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。

This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。

(3)先行词包括人和物时。

They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in.

他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。

(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：

Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？

Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？

(5)先行词在句中作表语时。例如：

She is not the woman that she used to be . 她已经不是过去的她了。

4. 由when ,where, why引导的定语从句。例如：

I will never forget the day when (=on which) I met Mr. Zhang.

This is the place where (=in which) we’ve lived for 5 years . (先行词常见situation/case/point)

Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

注意：先行词是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词时，有时用where，有时用which/that引导定语从句。这时要看先行词在定语从句中做什么成分，做地点状语用where，做主语或宾语就用which/that，例如：

1）This is the house where he lived last year.

This is the house(which/that)he visited last year.

2）The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语) The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)

先行词time, day, season, age, occasion等表示时间名词时，有时用when，有时用(which/that)引导定语从句。这时要看先行词在定语从句中做什么成分，做时间状语用when，做主语或宾语就用which/that，例如：1）I’ll never forget the day when I joined the Party.

I’ll never forget the day (which/that)we spent together last year.

2）I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语) I’ll never forget the days (which/that)we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)

why的先行词只能是reason。

1）The reason why（=for which）she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)

The reason that he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)

5．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

⑴限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which, that等。

⑵非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句不影响主句意思的完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开，通常不用关系代词that。例如：

I have lost the pen which I like very much .

Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。

6.as引导的定语从句

⑴as 可以引导限制性定语从句，但先行词前通常出现the same，as ，such，so修饰先行词，as用作关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。例如：

It’s the same person as we wanted to find yesterday.

Such girls as he knows are good at English .

⑵as引导非限制定语从句可以放在主语之前、之中或之后，经常用于as we know ，as is reported ,as is said above, as is known to all 等结构中，as 含有“正如，正像”之意。如：

As you know , water is a liquid.

As is known to all ,he is the best students in our class .

As we all know ,he studies very hard .

注意：

①which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面，指代整个主句的内容，意为“这一点”。例如：She remarried ,which we didn’t expect .

②先行词是the way时，能用that 或in which ，也可以省去。例如：

This is the way( that /in which )my father did this work. 这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。