大气中的化学反应以及输送.
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大气中的化学反应以及输送
Atmospheric Motion and Pollutant Transport 大气移动和污染物输送 Winds transport atmospheric species away from their points of origin 风把大气物种从它们的原点输送离开 The scale of atmospheric motions vary from tinny eddies of centimeter or less to huge air mass movements of continental dimensions 大气移动尺度从微小的几厘米到小于陆地尺度的巨大空气团运动。
垂直递减率，稳定性和倒转也影响大气污染物的分布。
在对流层，空气的温度通常随海拔高度的增加而降低。这种气温改变率叫做垂 直递减率。
环境工程师通过放置了一个温度计的气球，可以判断一个地点时间的这个垂直 递减率。气球在空气中移动穿行，测量周围空气的气温，叫做四周垂直递减率， 或环境递减率或普遍递减率。
Lapse rates and stability 垂直递减率和稳定性
Lapse rates, stability, and inversions also affect the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere
Lapse rates
In the stratosphere, the temperature of the ambient air usually decreases with an increase in altitude. This rate of temperature change is called the lapse rate.
Global Scale 全球尺度
Global Scale: exceeding 5* 103 km 全球尺度：超过5* 103 千米
e.g. Hadley circulation 哈德里环流
Global Scale 全球尺度
Exceeding 5* 103 km
e.g. Northern Hemisphere Hadley circulation
Microscale Transport 微量输送
Order of 0-100m 0-100米的顺序 e.g. indoor air movement, air flow in the urban street canyon, meandering and dispersion of a chimney plume and complicated flow regime in the wake of a large building. 例如室内空气运动，市区街道的空气流动，一个烟囱的和复杂流动 制度的曲径和散布在大建筑里。
WD Temp
0 0
30
60
90
120
00
30
60
90
120
00
30
60
90
120
Ozone (ppbv), RH (%)
Ozone (ppbv), RH (%)
Ozone (ppbv), RH (%)
Lapse rates and Stability 垂直递减率和稳定性
Lapse rates and Stability 垂直递减率和稳定性
Tethersonde system for meteorological and pollutant measurement and examples of temperature, relative humidity, wind and ozone profiles
Tethersonde系统的气象测量，污染物测量，气温例子，相对湿度，风，臭氧
Temp (deg C)
Temp (deg C)
Temp (deg C)
-60
-30
0
30
-60
-30
0
30
-60
-30
0
30
WD (degree)
WD (degree)
WD (degree)
0 14
90
180
270
360 140
几十到几百千米 例如，海洋风，山谷风，迁移高低压锋
Mesoscale Transport 中尺度输送
Mountain-valley winds 山谷风
Synoptic Scale 摘要尺度
Hundreds to thousands of kilometers 几百到几千千米 e.g. motions of weather systems 天气系统的移动
Complicated flow regime behind a building 一座建筑后的复杂流动制度
Mesoscale Transport
中尺度输送
Tens to hundreds of kilometers
e.g. and-sea breezes, mountain-valley winds, and migratory high- and low pressure fronts
Environmental engineers can determine this rate for a place and time by sending up a balloon equipped with a thermometer. The balloon moves through the air, and measures the temperature gradient of ambient air, called the ambient lapse rate, the environmental lapse rate, or the prevailing lapse rate.
90
180
270
360
0
14
90
180
270
360
HK940408
12
HK940414
12
HK940421
12
10
Ozone
10
Ozowenku.baidu.come
Ozone
10
Altitude (km) Altitude (km) Altitude (km)
8
8
WD
8
6
RH
4
2
WD Temp
6
RH
4
2
Temp
RH
6 4 2
Atmospheric Motion and Pollutant Transport 大气移动和污染物输送 Winds transport atmospheric species away from their points of origin 风把大气物种从它们的原点输送离开 The scale of atmospheric motions vary from tinny eddies of centimeter or less to huge air mass movements of continental dimensions 大气移动尺度从微小的几厘米到小于陆地尺度的巨大空气团运动。
垂直递减率，稳定性和倒转也影响大气污染物的分布。
在对流层，空气的温度通常随海拔高度的增加而降低。这种气温改变率叫做垂 直递减率。
环境工程师通过放置了一个温度计的气球，可以判断一个地点时间的这个垂直 递减率。气球在空气中移动穿行，测量周围空气的气温，叫做四周垂直递减率， 或环境递减率或普遍递减率。
Lapse rates and stability 垂直递减率和稳定性
Lapse rates, stability, and inversions also affect the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere
Lapse rates
In the stratosphere, the temperature of the ambient air usually decreases with an increase in altitude. This rate of temperature change is called the lapse rate.
Global Scale 全球尺度
Global Scale: exceeding 5* 103 km 全球尺度：超过5* 103 千米
e.g. Hadley circulation 哈德里环流
Global Scale 全球尺度
Exceeding 5* 103 km
e.g. Northern Hemisphere Hadley circulation
Microscale Transport 微量输送
Order of 0-100m 0-100米的顺序 e.g. indoor air movement, air flow in the urban street canyon, meandering and dispersion of a chimney plume and complicated flow regime in the wake of a large building. 例如室内空气运动，市区街道的空气流动，一个烟囱的和复杂流动 制度的曲径和散布在大建筑里。
WD Temp
0 0
30
60
90
120
00
30
60
90
120
00
30
60
90
120
Ozone (ppbv), RH (%)
Ozone (ppbv), RH (%)
Ozone (ppbv), RH (%)
Lapse rates and Stability 垂直递减率和稳定性
Lapse rates and Stability 垂直递减率和稳定性
Tethersonde system for meteorological and pollutant measurement and examples of temperature, relative humidity, wind and ozone profiles
Tethersonde系统的气象测量，污染物测量，气温例子，相对湿度，风，臭氧
Temp (deg C)
Temp (deg C)
Temp (deg C)
-60
-30
0
30
-60
-30
0
30
-60
-30
0
30
WD (degree)
WD (degree)
WD (degree)
0 14
90
180
270
360 140
几十到几百千米 例如，海洋风，山谷风，迁移高低压锋
Mesoscale Transport 中尺度输送
Mountain-valley winds 山谷风
Synoptic Scale 摘要尺度
Hundreds to thousands of kilometers 几百到几千千米 e.g. motions of weather systems 天气系统的移动
Complicated flow regime behind a building 一座建筑后的复杂流动制度
Mesoscale Transport
中尺度输送
Tens to hundreds of kilometers
e.g. and-sea breezes, mountain-valley winds, and migratory high- and low pressure fronts
Environmental engineers can determine this rate for a place and time by sending up a balloon equipped with a thermometer. The balloon moves through the air, and measures the temperature gradient of ambient air, called the ambient lapse rate, the environmental lapse rate, or the prevailing lapse rate.
90
180
270
360
0
14
90
180
270
360
HK940408
12
HK940414
12
HK940421
12
10
Ozone
10
Ozowenku.baidu.come
Ozone
10
Altitude (km) Altitude (km) Altitude (km)
8
8
WD
8
6
RH
4
2
WD Temp
6
RH
4
2
Temp
RH
6 4 2