翻译方法--直译和意译

直译不仅容易理解接受，而且可以保存原文的 形象比喻，进而使译文尽可能同原文一样富有 感染力。 e.g. cold war hot line chain store ostrich policy black market pillar industry Trojan horse Crocodile tears olive branch go into the red a wait-and-see attitude Blood is thicker than water. Easier said than done Strike the iron while it is hot.
1. 你越是努力学习英语，你说英语就会越好。 The harder you study English, the better you speak it. 2. 据说他一直学英语。 He is said to have been studying English./ It is said that he has been studying English. 3. 他要在美国学习的愿望是可以理解的。 His wish to study in America is quite understandable./ It is quite understandable that he wishes to study in America.
4. 部分英语词汇的涵义范围比相应的汉语词汇既 宽广又狭窄。 e.g. Make---做
1) What you said just now does not make sense. 你刚才说的话没有意义。 2) She makes her living as a designer. 她当设计师以维持生计。 3）这次我做东。It is my treat today. 4）外国科学家做到的，中国科学家一定能够做到， 而且能做得更好。 What foreign scientists have accomplished, Chinese scientists can also accomplish, and can even do better job of it.
He looks at everything through colored spectacles. 他戴着有色眼镜看事物。 He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing. 他是一只披着羊皮的狼。 眼见为实 Seeing is believing. 别相信他，他是个大坏蛋。 Don’t trust him, he is a bad egg.
翻译标准：“忠实、通顺”
忠实：指的是译文必须完整准确地传达原文的思想 内容，保持原文的语气和文体风格。 通顺：是指译文必须通畅易懂，遣词造句应当符合 译语的语法规范和表达习惯。 在“忠实”的前提下，摆脱原文结构形式的束缚， 按照译语的行文规范和表达习惯组织安排译文， 切不可逐词死译、硬译，从而避免洋腔洋调、生 硬别扭。
直译决不是生搬硬套、对号入座的硬译、死译。
lie on one’s back black tea
仰卧
红茶 靶心 银河 吹牛
bull’s eye
the Milky Way talk horse
直译与死译Literal Translation and Stiff Translation 1. 橱窗里摆着的是什么东西？ Shop window in displayed is what thing? What's that in the shop window? 2. 来就来，可是买这么多水果干什么呀？ Come just come, but buy so many fruits do what? You are so kind to bring so many fruits here, thank you. 3. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
3. You should not despise him because he is backward. 不要因为某人落后，你们就看不起他。 4. Reports of new successes keep pouring in. 捷报频传 5. He sold hard-to-get items. 他兜售紧俏商品。
英汉词义（范围）对比
英、汉两种语言中词义完全对应、作用或范围完全 对等的词不多，大多只是在词义上部分重合。
1. 部分英语词汇的涵义范围比相应的汉语词汇宽泛。 e.g. Stand---站/立 1) A tall poplar tree once stood here. 这儿曾经有一棵高大的白杨树。 2) The house has stood idle for months. 那所房子闲置了几个月了。 3) The clock stands at ten to eight. 那个钟上的时间是7点50分。
2.弄清句子结构，明辨语法关系 1) Less visible, but probably more important, are the thousands of ways industry has put electric energy to work. 工业中使用电能的多种途径虽然不是很明显，但可能 是很重要的。 2) Love is like warm sunlight, which will not only bring joy to those who are loved but also add more pleasure to those who love. 爱犹如温暖的阳光，它不仅会给被爱的人带来快乐， 也会给爱他的人带来更多的快乐。
我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。
意译 free translation: 指忠实于原文内容而不拘泥 于原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。由于不同 民族在历史渊源、文化传统、风俗习惯、地理环境 等诸多方面的差异，其语言不仅在词语结构上，而 且在表达方式上也必然存在许多不同之处。 e.g. 进退维谷 between the devil and the deep blue sea 画蛇添足 carry coals to Newcastle 我不知道他葫芦里卖的是啥药？ I don’t know what he has got up in his sleeve.
三、细致校核： 1）内容理解上是否有误； 2）是否漏译、错译或生涩之处。 3）是否拼写错误或标点符号错误。
翻译方法：直译和意译
直译literal translation：是指不仅忠实于原文内容 而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法。直译在保持原 文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、 句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋 于一致。
3. 部分英语词汇的涵义范围比相应的汉语词汇狭窄。
e.g. eat--吃 吃药 take medicine 吃回扣 get commission 吃惊 be amazed 吃香 be popular 吃苦 bear hardships 吃老本 live off one’s past gains
万--- ten thousand 万众 millions of people 万物 all things on the earth 万幸 very lucky 万全之策 a completely safe plan 万事开头难 The first step is always difficult.
两种语言间的差异就决定了英汉翻译中不可能 始终采用直译。否则，往往只能硬译，译文生 硬别扭甚至背离原意。在这种情况下，就须借 助于意译，摆脱原文结构形式和表达方式的束 缚，充分传达原文的意义。本质上，意译强调 “神似”。 As timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 To look for a needle in a haystack 海底捞针 To laugh off one’s head 笑掉大牙 The apple of one’s eye 掌上明珠 Put the cart before the horse 本末倒置 Cash crops 经济作物 Small profits but quick returns 薄利多销 Technical know-how 技术知识
1. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
2. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。 3. Barking dogs do not bite.
吠狗不咬人。
4. All roads lead to Rome.
现在人们认为，脑筋越用越灵活。
意译决不是妄加删改、添油加醋的胡译、乱译。 1.It rains cats and dogs. 雨下得很大。 2.我就是跳进黄河也洗不清。 It can’t make me clean even if I jump into the Yellow River. Nothing could bring back my innocence. 3.Criminals must be made to see the consequences of their crimes. “An eye for eye and a tooth for tooth ” is the very basis of Justice. 直译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以眼还眼， 以牙还牙”正是法制的基础。 意译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以其人之道 还治其人之身”正是法制的基础。
1. Good medicine is bitter in the mouth. 良药苦口。 2. Born with a silver spoon in his mouth, Tom is really a luck dog. 汤姆生在富贵人家，真是个幸运儿。
3. It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.
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二、妥帖表达：表达时从整体着眼，从细节入手， 避免表达过度或不足。遵循译文语言的表达习惯， 避免翻译腔。 1. For me personally, it was a blessing in disguise.
这就我个人而言，是祸中得福。
2. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
Book -- 书
1. The company’s books are audited every year. 这家公司的账目每年都核对。 2. He is to swear on the Book before taking office. 他上任前将手按圣经宣誓。 3. 她家世代书香。 She comes from a long line of scholars. 4. 家书抵万金。 A letter from home is worth ten thousand pieces of gold.
条条大路通罗马。/殊途同归。/异曲同工。
翻译的过程：正确理解→妥帖表达→细致校核
一、正确理解 1.确切理解有关单词的意义。对比较难以理解 的单词，先判断词性，在利用各种语境线索 (上下文关系，搭配关系，逻辑关系等）确定词义。 1）This idea sounds good, but will it work in practice? 这个主意听起来不错，但实际上行得通吗？ 2）People from all works of life expressed their great respect to our soldiers because they are the loveliest people in the world. 各行各业的人向战士们表达了崇高的敬意，因为 他们是世界上最可爱的人。