英汉翻译理论与实践++
英语翻译理论与实践
Luminous moonlight shines upon the bedstand,
Isn’t it the white frost paving on the bare ground?
Head, raised to gaze the moon into distance,
死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word.
硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences.
The bright moon light sprinkles on the bed,
As if the frost lays on the ground.
Raise myhead and stare at the moon,
The homesickness attacks me suddenly.
Lowering head to think of the hometown.
In the Still of the Night（直译）
I descry bright moonlight in front ofmy bed.
I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.
原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
汉英英汉翻译理论与实践
Clinton is the first black president .克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统Clinton is the first woman president.克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统1. We want to buy quality steel.我们要买高质量的钢材。
2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术，高薪金的劳动队伍。
3. The president now is on a poverty tour.总统目前正在访问贫困地区。
4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施5. She is on her listening tour of New York.她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众的意见。
6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss.史密斯教授要离开学校了。
这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。
7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征，代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。
Criminal law 刑法；Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师；Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击；criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程练习及答案
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼（两讲合并）第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁（两讲合并）第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲：英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲：理性概译：翻译之坦途第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句（两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从“湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语：1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践
211、985学长学姐组建为大家答疑解惑笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如democracy中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解展开全文第一部分翻译技巧篇复习笔记第1章翻译的基本概念和问题一、翻译基本问题的提出1. 翻译的定义(1)语际翻译与语内翻译广义地说翻译包括的范围很广，甚至可包括语言和非语言符号之间的转换。
本书讨论的翻译就是指如何将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去，也就是语际(interlingual)翻译。
严格地说，翻译还应包括某一语言内不同变体间的转换，也就是语内(intralingual)翻译。
这两类翻译在本质上颇有雷同之处，而且其核心问题都是如何把原文的意思在译文中说出来。
(2) 探索翻译的新概念随着现代语言学的发展，各类应用语言学分支学科应运而生，探索翻译的工具越来越得心应手，出现了许多关于翻译的新的概念，如“忠实”、功能对等、等值、信达雅等等。
但翻译的本质仍然是在某一特定的社会环境内进行交流的过程。
概括来说，翻译的定义就是把原文中的意思在译文中表达出来。
2. 原文意思在译文中的表达在翻译过程中，有些句子如照字面直接译过来意思就会不够清楚。
(1) 句子中的有些意思会紧紧地结合在语言本身的形式上使得译者将语言的形式照搬。
例：It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.【译文】这是一条举世公认的真理：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太。
【解析】本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。
从翻译技巧上看，可先译that从句，后译It is a truth universally acknowledged，但是鉴于原文的语言形式有一种讽刺的口吻，译者有必要依照原文的句法结构进行翻译。
(2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起，而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。
卡特福德翻译转换理论指导下的科技英汉翻译实践报告
CATALOGUE 目录•翻译实践背景与意义•卡特福德翻译转换理论概述•科技英汉翻译实践过程分析•科技英汉翻译实践成果总结与展望•结论全球化趋势下的科技交流与合作日益密切，科技翻译在促进国际交流、技术传播和知识共享方面具有重要作用。
卡特福德翻译转换理论作为经典的翻译理论，为科技英汉翻译提供了重要的理论指导和方法。
研究背景研究目的与意义通过运用卡特福德翻译转换理论，探究科技英汉翻译过程中的语言层次转换规律和技巧。
分析翻译过程中遇到的难点和问题，提出相应的解决方案，提高科技英汉翻译的准确性和流畅性。
为科技翻译工作者提供实用的理论指导和翻译策略，促进科技翻译水平的提高。
010203翻译转换理论翻译转换概念卡特福德翻译转换理论定义卡特福德翻译转换理论核心思想语言单位的对应卡特福德认为源语言和目标语言之间存在一定的对应关系，这种对应关系是翻译的基础。
翻译转换的必要性由于源语言和目标语言之间的差异，卡特福德认为翻译过程中需要进行必要的转换以确保意义的准确传递。
语言对比尤其是源语言和目标语言之间的语义和句法对比。
卡特福德翻译转换理论为翻译实践提供了具体的指导方法和框架，有助于提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。
指导翻译实践该理论丰富了翻译研究的语言学视角，深化翻译研究通过卡特福德翻译转换理论的运用，促进跨文化交流010203卡特福德翻译转换理论应用价值科技英语翻译难点与挑战030201语言等级与范畴转换与对等科技文本的语境卡特福德翻译转换理论在科技英汉翻译中的应用科技英汉翻译实践案例分析010203案例一案例二案例三实践背景介绍对卡特福德翻译转换理论进行了简要介绍，并说明了该理论在科技英汉翻译实践中的重要性。
实践案例选择选取了若干个科技领域的英文文本，包括计算机、医学、生物等，将其翻译成中文，并对翻译过程中遇到的问题进行了详细描述。
翻译过程说明根据卡特福德翻译转换理论，对每个案例进行了分析，说明翻译思路、词汇选择、语法结构转换等方面的处理方法。
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践
笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如 democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
英汉口译理论与实践智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年江西师范大学
第一章测试1.同声传译第一次在国际会议中使用是在1919年的“巴黎和会”。
（）A:对B:错答案:A2.早期的同声传译译员都经过了专业的训练。
（）A:对B:错答案:B3.口译不是一门专业性要求很高的职业，普通人也可以承担正式的口译任务。
（）A:对B:错答案:B4.交替传译指译员等讲话人用源语讲完一部分或全部讲完以后, 再用目标语把讲话人源语所表达的信息、思想和情感等, 以口头的形式, 重新表达给听众的一种翻译实践。
（）A:对B:错答案:A5.同声传译与其他口译相比最大优点在于效率高，可以保证讲话者作连贯发言，不影响或中断讲话者的思路，有利于听众对发言全文的通篇理解。
（）A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.口译译员只需要外语水平非常好，听力敏锐，口语流利，词汇丰富就可以胜任口译工作。
（）A:错B:对答案:A2.口译译员的背景知识储备与口译质量成正比，口译译员对口译任务所涉题材了解的越多，翻译起来越轻松，而口译的质量也越高。
（）A:对B:错答案:A3.口译怯场是可以完全消除和克服的。
（）A:错B:对答案:A4.拥有卓越语言技能的口译译员能在实际工作中随心所欲。
（）A:错B:对答案:A5.口译译员不仅要善于记住细枝末节的微量信息，还要记住文本结构，语境，以及综合知识等宏观信息。
（）A:错B:对答案:B第三章测试1.句子“We faced a complex environment: the world economic recovery wasdifficult. In China, downward pressure on the economy increased, naturaldisasters occurred frequently, and there was an array of interrelatedproblems. However, the people of all of China’s ethnic groups, under theleadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC)with Comrade Xi Jinping as General Secretary, confidently met all challenges,strove to overcome difficulties, fully attained the main targets for economicand social development for the year, and made impressive achievements inreform and opening up and in the socialist modernization drive.”能否口译成：面对世界经济复苏艰难、国内经济下行压力加大、自然灾害频发、多重矛盾交织的复杂形势，全国各族人民在以习近平同志为总书记的党中央领导下，从容应对挑战，奋力攻坚克难，圆满实现全年经济社会发展主要预期目标，改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得令人瞩目的重大成就。
翻译理论与实践英汉汉英翻译文章(经典借鉴)
课程名称：翻译理论与实践本科三年级第二学期汉英/英汉互译选材内容主讲教师苗菊1．The New Breed of a Digital PlanetEmily Feld is a native of a new planet. While the 20-year-old university student may appear to live in London, she actually spends much of her time in another galaxy out there, in the digital universe of websites, e-mails, text messages and mobile phone calls. The behaviour of Feld and her generation, say expert, is being shaped by digital technology as never before, taking her boldly where no generation has gone before. It may even be the next step in evolution, transforming brains and the way we think.“One day, I went to meet a friend in town, and was about two minutes away when I realised I’d left my mobile phone at home. I travelled the five miles back to collect it. I felt so completely lost without it, I panicked. I need to have it on me at all times...” That's what makes Emily a “digital native”, one who has never known a world without instant communi cation.2．泼水节The Water-Splashing DayThe Water-splashing Day is the New Year Festival of the Dai nationality. According to the Dai’s calendar, it comes after the Tomb-sweeping Day, someday between April 13th and April 15th.Splashing water is the main celebrating activity at the New Year Festival of the Dai nationality. People splash water against one another, symbolizing to wash away thewhole year’s misfortune and to wish for health and safety in the New Year. There are two ways of splashing water. One is gentle splashing, while the other is free splashing. Gentle splashing is particularly for the elderly. With best wishes, people scoop a ladle of clean water and open the elder’s collar to let the water run down the back. The elderly who is splashed accept the blessings happily. Whereas free splashing has no fixed form, so that any tool such as ladle, basin and bucket are all allowed to be used. People chase after one another and splash water against each other freely. If one is splashed with more water, one feels all the more happy, for it indicates receiving the most wishes.3. MNEThe multinational enterprise (MNE), which is also called multinational corporations (MNC), is one of the major actors in the contemporary international arena, and its worldwide operations are now a decisive force in shaping the patterns of trade, investment, and technology flows among nations. The multinational enterprise system has become so important that it is impossible to understand the world economy without an appreciation of the roles of multinational enterprises as producers, investors, traders, and innovators on a global scale. National governments must also take this force seriously because of its impact on domestic production, employment, trade, and the balance of payments. Moreover, many governments view the multinational enterprises as a political threat, representing an intrusion into the national domain by a company which is controlled by a headquarters located in another country. Even in the United States, which is the home country of more than half of t he world’s biggest multinational enterprises, the multinational enterprise has come under growing attack by labor and protectionist groups who charge it with exporting jobs and technology to the detriment of the U.S. economy.Although multinational enterprise emerged from the world economic arena in the late 19 th century, the multinational enterprise as we know it today developed at an unprecedented speed during the 1950s and 1960s. At that time, dramatic improvements in communications and transportation and the massive liberalization of international trade and payments made it possible for multinational enterprise to operate on a global scale.跨国企业，也称跨国公司，是当今国际舞台上的主要角色之一。
翻译理论与实践1(英译汉)实战练习 15篇1
翻译理论与实践1（英译汉）实战练习15篇1．The Policy of Mass Media1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individual.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life2. The American and the English1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots inthe obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them.3. The Education of Humanists1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an “endless frontier.”6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us.4. . American Study1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.5. Jack London1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinheritedto be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.6. President Carter1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room inAmerica.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.7.On “Mein Kampf”1) Mein Kampf’s the me song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussionof propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons.8. How to Write Clearly1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.9. 1) Of course there is a strong element of luck in both success and failure but it is my belief that there are no “secrets” to success.2) One thing I have discovered is that attitudes and values that I acquired in China long before came to the United States have had a great bearing on the success in my business.3) These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation.4) However although I respect the spirit of Confucianism I have not tried to adapt this ancient Chinese philosophy to modern society.5) For besides moderation other things I have found to be essential to success are patience adaptability decisiveness confidence unconventional thinking social responsibility and last luck.6) The importance of these attributes is in their interaction.7) Some of them are antithetical to others—patience will often collide with decisiveness for instance—and yet it is hard to think of any of my decisions in which they did not play a role.10. Tragedy1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fearso long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion.11. The Choice of Life1) The lives of most men are determined by their environment.2) They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with goodwill.3) They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open country.4) I respect them; they are good citizens good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I don’t find them exciting.5) I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking.6) It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it.7) At a cross-road it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or the left and the choice once made it is difficult to see that whole course of the world’s history obliged us to take the turning we did.12. Science Fiction1) Moreover if SF is the laboratory of the imagination its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out.2) That is SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities.3) The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced byits image of the future.4) For that matter some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own life-style after appealing models provided by SF stories.5) The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF’s social feed back effects.6) Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.7) This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.13. 1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citize ns of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number ofenterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status.14. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dreamsuch as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man.15. Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call “Chick chick” all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but made an immediate apologize. Thus ended the quarrel over a chick.。
翻译理论与实践_英译汉
seek a hare in a hen‗s nest 缘木求鱼
as dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶
Examples of Domestication
lead a dog‗s life 过着牛马一样的生活 cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头，卖狗肉 put back the clock 开倒车
talk horse 吹牛
kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵 drink like a fish 牛饮 Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。
在翻译中正确的做法
坚持“和而不同”（孔子语）的原则。 “和”是为了不造成译语读者误解和费解； “不同”就是要尽量保持原文有代表性差 异特征； 为了保留原文代表性差异，采用“直译夹 注”、“直译加注”的方法。 如果“异化”的译法可能造成译语读者的 误解，为了在深层语义或语用意义对等， 不妨采用“归化”的处理。
翻译理论与实践
英译汉
Translation, Translating, and Translators
What is translation? How to translate? (Behind the techniques) What makes a qualified professional translator?
Eugene A. Nida
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
法律英语中英汉互译的翻译理论与具体实践
法律英语中英汉互译的翻译理论与具体实践在全球化的背景下，法律交流日益频繁，法律英语的英汉互译显得尤为重要。
法律语言具有高度的专业性、准确性和规范性，因此在翻译过程中需要遵循特定的翻译理论，并结合具体实践中的技巧和策略，以确保翻译的质量和准确性。
一、法律英语翻译的特点法律英语作为一种特殊用途英语，具有独特的语言特点。
首先，词汇方面，法律英语包含大量的专业术语、古体词和外来词。
例如，“stare decisis”（遵循先例）、“alibi”（不在犯罪现场的申辩）等。
其次，句法上，法律英语多使用长句、复杂句，以及被动语态和名词化结构，以体现其严谨性和逻辑性。
此外，法律文本通常具有固定的格式和篇章结构，如法律条款的编号、标题和小标题等。
二、翻译理论在法律英语翻译中的应用1、功能对等理论功能对等理论强调翻译的目的是在目标语中再现源语的功能，使目标语读者能够获得与源语读者相似的感受和理解。
在法律英语翻译中，这意味着不仅要准确传达词汇和句子的表面意义，还要传递法律条文背后的法律意图和法律效力。
例如，在翻译“actus reus”（犯罪行为）时，不能简单地直译为“行为错误”，而要根据法律语境和功能，译为“犯罪行为”，以确保目标语读者能够准确理解其法律含义。
2、目的论目的论认为翻译是一种有目的的行为，翻译的目的决定了翻译的策略和方法。
在法律英语翻译中，翻译的目的通常是为了使目标语读者能够准确理解法律条文，遵循法律规定。
因此，译者可以根据具体的翻译目的，对源语文本进行适当的调整和改写。
比如，为了使译文更符合目标语的法律体系和法律文化，可以对一些法律概念进行解释和说明。
三、法律英语英汉互译的具体实践技巧1、专业术语的翻译准确翻译专业术语是法律英语翻译的关键。
对于常见的专业术语，可以通过查阅专业词典、法律文献和相关资料来确定其准确的译名。
对于一些新出现的或特定领域的术语，可以采用直译、意译、音译或加注的方法进行翻译。
例如，“intellectual property”直译为“知识产权”，“due diligence”意译为“尽职调查”，“patent”音译为“专利”，对于一些复杂的术语，如“mortgagebacked security”（抵押支持证券），可以在翻译后加注进行解释。
英汉翻译理论与实践
分句法与合句法
分句法
分句法是指将英文中的一个长句拆分成 两个或多个短句进行翻译，以使译文更 加符合汉语的表达习惯。例如，“He is a good singer and dancer”可以拆分 成“他是一个好歌手”和“他是一个好 舞者”。
VS
合句法
合句法是指将英文中的两个或多个短句合 并成一个长句进行翻译，以使译文更加流 畅、紧凑。例如，“She is a doctor and she is also a writer”可以合并翻译 为“她既是一名医生，也是一名作家”。
意译
意译是按照原文的含义和精神进行翻译，不拘泥于原文的词序和结构。在意译时，需要摆脱原文的语 言束缚，用自然、流畅的语言表达原文的含义，同时保持译文的完整性和连贯性。
增译与减译
增译
增译是指在翻译过程中，根据原文的含义和语境，增加一些 必要的词语、短语或句子，以使译文更加完整、流畅和准确 。增译通常用于弥补原文的省略、补充背景信息、解释文化 概念等。
句子结构问题
总结词
句子结构问题是英汉翻译中的重要问题之一。
详细描述
由于英汉两种语言的句子结构存在较大差异，因此在进 行英汉翻译时，需要进行必要的句子结构调整。例如， 英语中常用长句和复合句，而汉语中则常用短句和简单 句。在进行英汉翻译时，需要将英文的长句和复合句拆 分成汉语的短句和简单句，或者将汉语的短句和简单句 整合成英文的长句和复合句。
商务翻译
总结词
商务翻译涉及商业、法律、合同等领域的文 本，要求准确、专业、规范。
详细描述
商务翻译要求译者具备相关领域的专业知识 ，能够准确理解并表达原文的含义。在翻译 过程中，译者需特别注意语言的严谨性和规 范性，以确保译文的准确性和合法性。同时 ，商务翻译还强调译文的流畅性和易读性，
英语教案中英互译
英语教案中英互译【篇一：英汉翻译课程教学目标】“英汉翻译理论与实践”课程一直是我国高校英语语言文学专业中的专业主干课程，它以培养应用型外语人才为目的，既能培养和提高学生语言综合运用能力，又能培养学生的社会实践技能—翻译。
句法、修辞、文体、文化等各个方面，有助于提高学生的外语水平和在外语方面的基本技能，是对其他外语课程教学的有效补充。
其次，英汉翻译实践涉及汉语语言的运用，对于英语专业的学生来说，显然可以弥补他们在汉语学习方面的不足。
另外，加强学生汉语能力的培养也有助于对学生进行思想教育，提高对本族语语言文化的认识、了解和理解。
而且，对汉语语言文化的了解更有助于提高学生的语言潜能，从而使学生能够更有效地学习外语。
第三，翻译练习材料会涉及各种文体和学科，诸如文学、历史、社会学、自然科学，等等。
这样，在大量实践的基础上，学生的知识结构会得到相当程度的丰富和完善，有利于培养复合性人才，实施复合性人才培养的教育战略。
第四，通过各种文体文本的翻译实践，可以提高学生翻译实践能力，使教学工作在一定程度上面向市场，满足市场需求，提高外语专业毕业生的就业率，从而提高外语学科在国内的声誉，扩大影响范围，进而有助于招生工作的开展。
第五，翻译教学中也对学生进行理论和技巧的讲授，这不仅可以使学生从理论的高度上提高对翻译实践的认识，提高翻译能力，同时也能提高学生的理论水平，丰富知识结构，为最后的学位论文写作进行积极而充分的准备。
第六，英语专业四年级的学生面临专业八级的考试、硕研入学考试，两者均涉及分量较大的翻译实践。
为这两种考试的准备至少可以发挥两个方面作用。
其一，通过翻译的强化训练，学生的翻译能力能够在较短的时间内得到一定幅度的提高，为学生就业奠定基础。
其二，通过翻译强化训练，学生英语应用技能大大提高，从而有助于提高考试的通过率，提高学科在国内的影响。
随着中国对外开放的进一步深化，翻译的社会和文化意义日益突显。
因此，加强英语学科的建设，进一步提高翻译教学在学科建设中的地位，应成为未来学科结构优化和学科发展中的重中之重。
大学英语专业英汉翻译理论与实践例句及答案
大学英语专业英汉翻译理论与实践例句及答案(1)约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。
(2)他们称自己是英国人，(而他们)却害怕打仗。
(3) a.二战中，日本士兵侵略成性，声名狼藉。
b.他近来的发现使他名声大噪（声名鹊起）。
(4)天津女娃刘小源，一个才四岁的小不点，竟以一曲京剧花脸唱段倾倒了亿万电视观众。
(5)约翰为人可靠，是个既忠诚又正直的人。
(6) 今天，作为一个悲伤家庭的代表，我站在大家面前，此时此刻，全国哀悼，举世震惊。
(7) 伊梅尔达鼻子哼了一声：“没家教！我可不愿意让人说我从来不教自己的女儿要尊敬长辈。
”(8) 今天，广泛的一致看法是，用于繁殖的克隆是不安全的，应当被禁止。
现在，争论已经从制造婴儿的伦理问题转向了为得到用于医疗的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎的道德问题。
(9) 教练对队里的某些队员动粗而惹起了麻烦。
(10) 听小提琴演奏《梁祝》的甜美旋律，是少有的艺术享受。
(11) 谚语是凝聚着智慧的通俗话语，是它使得拉丁美洲人的言谈常常显得那么生动活泼。
从大学教授到田野农夫，从市井乞丐到摩登女郎，大家都在使用谚语。
谚语简洁明快，丰富多彩，但也往往带着刺。
Exercise A:从前我们穴居的祖先在烟雾弥漫的篝火前啃咬野猪骨头，而今天，我们都围坐在铺着雪白桌布，摆着铮亮刀叉的餐桌旁进餐。
这就是我们饮食习惯变革的历史：吃饭从只是为了充饥果腹，已发展成了一种相当复杂、但又令人愉快的社会习俗。
Lecture 22.（2）B. 这位不愿意透露姓名/身份的女士说，有位高僧告诉她，寺里大多数年轻僧人还未起床，他们熬夜看世界杯比赛，这些比赛要持续到后半夜。
C．In the village, anyway it is Lao Sun, the old chap, who is most deservedly a dab hand, for he can not only drive his horse-drawn cart, but ride on the horse, and even when he falls off the horseback, he is very much skilf ul: he would “click”to the ground with so clear a sound and so neat a move.(6) 在新加坡，数百艘商船抛锚停在港内，由于贸易萎缩而弃置不用/ 成了废物。
功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告
功能对等理论视角下英汉翻译实践报告紧张又充实的社会实践又告一段落了，回顾这段时间的实践活动，取得的收获不是一星半点的，一起好好总结一下这段经历的收获和付出吧。
那要怎么写好实践报告呢,下面为大家收集的翻译实践报告，希望大家能够喜欢。
大二的下学，我的职责是俄语翻译，翻译一些资料。
实习的目的是增加社会实践经验，迅速将翻译理论知识应用到实践当中，并加强使用计算机和翻译工具的能力。
译者课堂教学的过程中，我总结了4种必不可少的译者工具：一是鬼神格斯译者工具，里面可以加装通俗易懂俄汉词典、新俄汉词典、小俄汉词典、俄汉新颖工业技术词典；二就是百度搜寻工具；三就是google搜寻工具；四就是яндех搜寻工具——专业的俄文搜寻工具。
译者的具体步骤可以如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查阅稀奇古怪的单词或词组，找寻最合乎原文的表述。
当然这只是最基本的作法，但是由于缺乏专业的科技词典，在灵格斯往往就是查阅不下所需的单词或语义。
于是，迁怒于google和яндех则就是很存有必要的。
按照我自己的经验来说，我实行同时在google和яндех搜寻的作法，并对同种搜寻工具搜寻结果展开比较。
它们有著各自的优缺点。
google的优点就是关上俄文页面的同时可以同时关上另外一个译者页面，即google可以自动把页面从来源语俄语翻译成汉语，而缺点就是经常出现译者错误，译者的可信度就是50%。
яндех的优点就是用俄语词组和句子表述俄语词汇，意义更精确，更切合原文，而缺点就是有时用作释义的词汇过分深奥，过分专业，相等于用更专业的词汇表述专业词汇，即为难上加难。
所以我指出最后就须要使用百度工具了。
融合google和яндех的参照译者，用百度搜寻译者过的专业词汇，查阅与否存有相同或相似的专业用语，之后才确认出来最精确的译法。
自己校对，虚心地向本专业的老师和材料学院的老师请教。
首先进行的自己去校对。
原以为会限于“当局者迷”之说而不懂查看、修改自己的译文。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
4 翻译的标准
严复：信、达、雅 Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance ⊙信：忠实于原文 ⊙达：文笔流畅 ⊙雅：文风典雅 （士大夫） --保持原文的风格
鲁迅：信和顺 “凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其 易解，一则保存原作的风姿。” 宁信而毋顺 vs 赵景深：Milky Way=牛奶路 我的翻译向来是用直译法……我现在还是相信 直译法，因为我觉得没有更好的办法。 保留一定的洋腔洋调
关于译者的比喻 A courier of the human spirits （普希金） A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting A straitjacketed dancer A musician / an actor Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)
英汉翻译理论与实践
第一部分 翻译概论
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 翻译的定义 翻译的目的 翻译的意义 翻译的标准 翻译的条件 翻译的分类 翻译的方法 翻译的步骤
1 翻译的定义
《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言 文字表达出来 一种语言符号解释另一种语言符号 Oxford: to turn from one language into another Webster: to turn into one’s own or another language Catford: 翻译是把一种语言（源语） 的文字材 料替换成另一种语言（目标语）的对等的文字材 料。
The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation. — George Steiner
→ Betrayal: Loss / Distortion
西欧之所以有今天的文明，要“归功于翻译 者”。Kelly，1979 季羡林：中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万灵 之药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！（林煌 天，1997序）
国际译联主席Betty Cohen：Never in history have we been so indispensable to trade, culture, peace, and humanity…Just imagine one day in the world without translation…would all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap. 贸易、文化、和平、人道等都离不开翻译，翻译在 历史上从未如此不可或缺……请大家试想一下，世 上一日无翻译会怎样……都将鸦雀无声。翻译工作 者就象电线中的电流，水管中的水流。
5 翻译的条件
第一个条件就是汉语功底要好。 第二个条件就是英语语言能力要强。 第三个条件是知识面要广。 第四个条件是译者的责任心、工作条件等
译者的责任（Responsibility of translator）:
Competent linguistic ability & bicultural knowledge Being as transparent as possible Being a good negotiator
3 翻译的意义
尤金·奈达Eugene Nida：翻译是“人们所 能从事的最复杂的脑力劳动”。 Richards：翻译是开天辟地以来最为复杂 的事件。
语言和文化的障碍(Language / Cultural Barriers)
Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.
忠实是翻译的首要问题 要忠实于原文的真正含义 忠实+通顺：抓住原文的真正含义，但不要 受原文结构形式的束缚，而是按照汉语习惯 用法来安排译文。（P7）
The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit…(E. B. White: The Three New Yorks) 原译：上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的 辉煌记录。 改译：上班族一生中有着惊人的行程。
林语堂：忠实、通顺和美 faithfulness, smoothness, beauty
刘重德：信、达、切 faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness
傅雷：传神论/神似说 Transference of soul or spirit “以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的 不在形似而在神似。” 译文同原文在内容上一致，这叫“意似”，是 翻译的最低标准。译文同原文如果能在形式 上和精神上同时一致起来，或称“形似”和 “神似”，这是翻译的高标准。 理想的译文仿佛是原作者的（中文）写作。
翻译的基本标准 忠实与通顺 faithfulness and smoothness “Understanding translation is embedded in the concept of faithfulness. ” 忠实于内容vs忠实于形式 共核标准：信息传真、风格再现、可读性好 具体操作时：谁不瞄准目标以远的地方射击，谁就不 会击中目标 （ Cowley 考利 ）
（张柏然、许钧：《面向21世纪的译学研究》， P17）
Edward Ferras was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He was not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself…(J. Austin: Sense and Sensibility,Ch.3,V.I)
是一种语言活动，是“把一种语言表达的思 维内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来的语言 活动”。 是一种语言活动，是“把一种语言表达的思 维内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来的语言 活动”，它包含着一个对原文含义的理解逐 步深入，对原文含义的表达逐步完善的过程 。（古今明，P习其他语言的文化和文明，帮助向更高的 文明发展 帮助经济、政治等各方面的交流和发展 其他 特定文本的翻译具有其特定的目的，有其预 设的读者群
译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。 译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲 动的极度张力之间形成的： 动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动 另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。 ，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。
不愿付诸努力、不愿忍受挫折者永远成不了 翻译家。 —兰德斯
目前外语专业的本科生和研究生有３项明显的不足 ： 知识面窄 中国语文水平低 理论素养差
原译：爱德华·弗纳斯在外表或言谈方面，都没有 什么特殊的风度足以博得她们的良好印象。他相貌 平平，礼貌要求他亲切表现，以使她们愉快。他过 于羞怯，不能适当地处理自己。 改译：爱德华·费拉斯之所以能博得她们的好感， 倒不是因为他人品出众，风度翩翩。他并不漂亮， 那副仪态嘛，只有和他熟悉了才觉得逗人喜爱。他 过于腼腆，这就使他越发不能显现本色了。
不能逐字死译 All that glitters is not gold. 原译：所有光辉灿烂的都不是金子。 改译：所有光辉灿烂的并非都是金子。 He sleeps late. 原译：他睡得晚。 改译：他起得晚。 I shall not expect you until I see you. 原译：我不期待你直到我见到你。 改译：你随便什么时候来吧。
不可以忽视通顺 From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. (N. S. Momaday: The End of My Childhood) 原译：从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河 流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望 。 改译：从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、 河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。
钱钟书：化境说—理想 sublimed adaptation “文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字 转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露 出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那 就算得入于‘化境’。” 所谓“化境”，就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文 字形式虽然换了，而原文的思想、感情、风格、神 韵都原原本本地化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留 下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一 样。
苏联 费道罗夫：等值论 Equivalence 与原文作用相符（表达方面的等值） 译者选用的语言材料的等值（语言和文体的等 值）
德： 施莱尔马赫 Shleiermacher 不是尊重作者就是尊重读者 读者接近作者vs作者接近读者
有关翻译的言论： 意大利谚语：Traduttore, traditore. 翻译即叛 逆。 翻译好像女人，忠实的不漂亮，漂亮的不忠实 理想的译者应成为一块玻璃，透明得让读者感觉不 到他的存在（果戈理） 把翻译看作是“译者摆布文本的一个过程”（ Susan Bassnett）