语言学第四章优秀课件
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语言学第四章
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
▪ Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
▪ Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem
▪ Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
▪ Morphology: the internal structure of words Syntax: the combination of words
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
Syntactic rules
▪ (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter.
▪ Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
▪ Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
4.2 Word Classes
▪ Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
河南大学外语学院ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้马应聪
▪ Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
Phrase structure rules
▪ Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
▪ The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
▪ (2) a. Jack looked up the word. b. Jack looked the word up.
▪ (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
4.1 Introduction
▪ Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words. Difference between morphology and syntax
▪ For example, a noun can be defined as a form that comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud) have all these characteristics.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Word Classes 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach 4.4 The Descriptive Approach
4.4.1 Structural analysis 4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis 4.5 Constituent Structure Grammar 4.6 Transformational Grammar 4.7 Systemic Functional Grammar
▪ Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. beautiful, red
▪ Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. run, walk, seem
▪ Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
▪ Morphology: the internal structure of words Syntax: the combination of words
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
Syntactic rules
▪ (1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter.
▪ Pronouns are words which may replace nouns or noun phrases.
▪ Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
4.2 Word Classes
▪ Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas as if they were all things. cats, dogs, war, wedding, courage, beauty, rain, love, hatred
河南大学外语学院ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้马应聪
▪ Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
Phrase structure rules
▪ Articles, Exclamations, Numerals
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
▪ The definitions above are useful for identifying most forms, but they are never completely accurate. A different approach might focus on some other properties of the word classes.
▪ (2) a. Jack looked up the word. b. Jack looked the word up.
▪ (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
4.1 Introduction
▪ Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words. Difference between morphology and syntax
▪ For example, a noun can be defined as a form that comes after an article (a, an and the) and can take inflections for possessive (-’s) and plural (-s). Of course, not all nouns (eg. information and mud) have all these characteristics.