中医英语

Lesson1
1．中国医药学traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 2．中医基础理论basic theory of TCM 3．临床经验clinical experience 4．辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 8．针灸acupuncture and moxibustion 14．病因学etiology
19．滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire
1. 中国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。

TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in t heir struggle against diseases.
2. 中医学有完整独特的理论体系。

TCM has a unique and integrative theoretical system.
4.《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础。

Huangdi’s Inner Canon of Medicine has laid a foundation for the formation of theoretical system o
f TCM.
7.阳常有余，阴常不足。

Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.
8.内伤脾胃，百病由生。

Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.
11.金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”的医学流派。

In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called “four great physicians” in medical s chool.
12.张从正认为病由邪生，提倡汗、吐、下三法祛邪治病。

Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by pathogenic factors and advocated the t hree means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation to eliminate the pathogens for cure of diseases
Lesson2
4．整体观念holism 9．诊断学diagnostics 11．治疗学therapeutics
10．邪正关系relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi
13．同病异治treatment of the same disease with different remedies
14．异病同治treatment of different diseases with the same remedy
17．疾病本质nature of disease
1．中医理论体系有两个基本特点：一是整体观念，二是辨证论治。

The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrom e differentiation.
2．中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体。

TCM believes that the human body is an organic whole.
4．整体观念贯穿于中医生理、病理、诊法、辨证和治疗的各个方面。

The holism permeates through various aspects of the physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of diseases.
7．心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里。

The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related to the small intestine. 10.人体阳气白天多趋于表，夜晚多趋于里。

Yang qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior at night. 12．证是机体在疾病发展过程中的某一阶段的病理概括。

Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changes at a certain stage during the course of a dise ase.
14．证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质，以及邪正关系。

Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease as well as the state of pathogenic fa ctors and healthy qi.
Lesson3
2．相互转化 mutual transformation 5．寒极生热 extreme cold turning into heat
11．相互消长 mutual wane-wax 12．相互制约 mutual restriction
13．相互依存 interdependence
2. 阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括。

Yin and yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature.
在一定条件下，阴阳可以各自向其相反的方向发展。

Under given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its counterpart.
12. 功能属于阳，物质属于阴。

Function pertains to yang while substance to yin.
14. 无论疾病的病理变化如何复杂，都不外乎阴阳的偏胜偏衰。

No matter how complicated pathological changes of a disease are, they are nothing more than relat ive predominance or decline of yin or yang.
15. 正气指整个机体的结构与功能，包括人体对疾病的抵抗力等。

The so-called vital qi refers to the structure and functions of the body, including body resistance a gainst diseases.
17. 疾病发生发展的内在原因在于阴阳失调。

Imbalance between yin and yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease
Lesson4
1.五行学说the doctrine of five elements 8.相乘相侮subjugation and counter-restriction
9土虚木乘
deficient earth being subjugated by wood / Wood subjugates earth because it is deficient.
10．生克制化inhibition-development with generation and restriction
11．母病及子 involvement of a child- organ by its mother-organ disorder
2.中医理论体系在形成过程中，受到古代五行学说的深刻影响。

The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five ele ments.
3.水具有滋润和向下的特性。

Water is characterized by moistening and downward flow.
4.肝主升而归属于木。

The liver pertains to wood because its qi is characterized by ascending.
5. 脾主运化而归属于土。

The spleen pertains to earth because it governs transportation and transformation.
9. 相乘即以强凌弱的意思。

Subjugation means to launch an attack on the weak.
18．生我者为母，我生者为子。

The one generating me is my mother and the one being generated by me is my child.
Lesson5
1．藏象学说doctrine of visceral manifestation 3．奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs
4．水谷精微essence of water and food 9．临床实践clinical practice
10．藏而不泻storage without discharge/excretion
3.五脏的共同生理(特点)功能是化生和贮藏精气。

The common physiological function of the five zang-organs is to produce and store essential qi.
4.六腑的共同生理(特点)功能是受盛和传化水谷。

The common physiological function of the six fu-organs is to receive, transport and transform wat er and food.
8.肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用。

The essence-qi in the kidney is helpful for promoting the growth of skeleton.
9.心与小肠相表里。

The heart and the small intestine are internal-externally related (to each other).
12.五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关。

The physiological functions of the five zang-organs are closely associated with the minds and emo tions.
Lesson6
2．心气充沛sufficiency of heart qi 5．脉道不利unsmooth vessels
9．汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin
13．脾主运化the spleen governing transportation and transformation
16．后天之本origin of acquired constitution
1. 心脏的主要生理功能是主血脉和主神志。

The main physiological function of the heart is to control blood and vessels, and govern the spirit. 3．血液的正常运行必须以心气充沛，血液充盈和脉道通利为其基本的前提条件。

Sufficient heart qi, abundant blood and smooth vessels are essential prerequisite to normal circula tion of blood.
5．肺的呼吸功能健全与否，直接影响着宗气的生成。

The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of pectoral qi.
11．脾为后天之本，气血生化之源。

The spleen is the origin of acquired constitution and the source of qi and blood production. 13．肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。

The main physiological functions of the liver are to control free flow of qi and store blood. 17．肾主生长、发育与生殖。

The kidney governs growth, development and reproduction.
18．肾所藏的精气包括“先天之精”和“后天之精”。

The essence stored in the kidney includes innate essence and acquired essence.
19．肾的纳气功能正常则呼吸均匀和调。

When the kidney functions normally to receive qi, breath will be smooth and even.
Lesson7
1. 奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs 6．上焦upper energizer
7．泌别清浊separating the lucid from the turbid 12．初步消化 primary digestion
17．月经来潮occurrence of menstruation
2. 胆的主要生理功能是贮存和排泄胆汁。

The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile.
4. 胃的生理功能是受纳与腐熟水谷。

The physiological function of the stomach is to receive and decompose foodstuff.
7. 小肠在吸收水谷精微的同时，也吸收了大量的水液。

The small intestine also absorbs a large quantity of water as it is absorbing essence from the chym
e.
9. 小肠的泌别清浊功能正常，则二便正常。

If the small intestine functions well to separate the lucid from the turbid, the defecation and urinati on will be normal.
12．胃与脾相表里。

The stomach and the spleen are internally and externally related.
Lesson8
7．气机调畅smoothness of qi movement 11.气机qi movement 12.气化qi transformation 13.先天之气innate qi 14.后天之气acquired qi
1.气是构成人体的最基本物质。

Qi is the most essential substance to constitute the body.
2. 人体的气来源于禀受于父母的先天之精、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气。

Qi in the body is derived from innate essence inheriting from the parents, and acquired essence co ming from both food nutrients and fresh air.
5.气是活力很强的精微物质。

Qi is a sort of refined substance with powerful activity. 10．气化指通过气的运动而产生的各种变化。

Qi transformation refers to various changes caused by qi movement.
14．元气是人体最基本、最重要的气，是人体生命活动的原动力。

The primordial qi, as the most essential and important qi, is the primary power of life.
16．宗气是积于胸中之气，具有推动心脏的搏动、调节心率和心律的功能。

The pectoral qi is a kind of qi accumulating in the thorax, functioning to enhance heart beat and re gulate heart rate and cardiac rhythm.
20．营主内守而属阴，卫主外卫而属阳。

The nutritive qi pertains to yin with its nourishment to the interior of the body while the defensive qi pertains to yang with its protection of the body surface.
Lesson9
1．气生血qi generating blood 2．气行血qi propelling blood
11．津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same origin
16．气为血帅，血为气母Qi serves as commander of blood and blood does as mother of qi. 18．益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse
1.气血津液都是维持人体生命活动的基本物质。

Qi, blood and body fluid are the basic substances for maintaining human life activities.
6.血与津液均为液态物质，都有营养和滋润作用，与气相对而言，两者都属阴。

Both the blood and body fluid are liquid substance, functioning to nourish and moisten. They per
tain to yin as compared with qi.
10.人体排泄水液的途径主要是尿与汗。

The human body discharges water mainly through urination and perspiration.
18. 津液的生成、输布和排泄都离不开肺、脾、肾、三焦、膀胱等脏腑的气化功能。

The production, distribution and discharge of body fluid depend on the qi transformation of the lu ng, spleen, kidney, tri-Jiao, bladder, etc.
20.气能生血、行血、摄血，故称“气为血之帅”。

Qi can produce, propel, and control blood. And thus it is said “qi is the commander of blood”.
Lesson10
1．经络学说meridian theory 6．十二正经twelve regular meridians
8．络属关系 connecting and subordinating relation (of a certain meridian )
9．奇经八脉eight extraordinary meridians 10．十二经别twelve meridians’divergences 1．经络是运行全身气血的通道。

Meridian system is the pathways for qi and blood to circulate in the whole body.
8．孙络是人体最细小的络脉，这就是为什么中医将其称为“孙络”。

The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called in TCM. 13．经络学说是研究人体经络的生理功能、病理变化及其脏腑相互关系的学说。

The meridian theory is to study the physiological functions and pathological changes of human me ridians and their relationships with the viscera.
16．由于手三阳经与足三阳经在头部交接，所以说“头为诸阳之会”。

The three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are connected with each ot her in it, so “the head is the place where all kinds of yang meet”.
18．经脉中的气血运行是循环贯注的，如环无端。

Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles, without an end.
Lesson11
1. 外感六淫six exogenous pathogenic factors 6. 风邪外袭pathogenic wind attacking the exterior 9. 感受寒邪attack/invasion by pathogenic cold
16. 阴虚生内热production of endogenous heat due to yin deficiency
18. 七情内伤internal impairment due to seven emotions
2. 六淫是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的统称。

The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for six exogenous pathogens of wind, cold, summ er-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.
14. 疠气是一类具有强烈传染性的病邪，具有发病急骤、病情较重、传染性强、易于流行等特点。

Pestilent pathogens are a kind of highly infectious pathogens, which are characterized by sudden o nset, severe condition, fulminating infectivity and strong epidemicity.
15. 七情内伤直接影响相应的内脏，使脏腑气机逆乱，气血失调，导致种种疾病的发生。

The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorde r of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.
16. 饮食不节主要是损伤脾胃，导致脾胃功能失常。

Immoderate diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.
18. 痰和饮都是水液代谢障碍所形成的病理产物。

Phlegm and stagnant fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water.
Lesson12
2. 体质强弱 (body )constitutional state
8. 五心烦热feverish sensation in the five centers (palms, soles, and chest)
9. 虚实夹杂coexistence of deficiency and excess 12. 五志过极extreme changes of five emotions 14. 阴阳互损mutual involvement of yin and yang
1. 许多疾病的过程也就是邪正斗争及其盛衰变化的过程。

The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and healthy qi as well as the ebb and flow of their strengths.
2. 邪气盛则实，精气夺则虚。

Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results in deficienc y.
3. 正胜邪退，疾病趋向好转和痊愈。

When healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, it will lead to improvement of or recovery from an illness.
10. 血虚是指血液不足或血的濡养功能减退的病理变化。

Blood deficiency refers to a morbid state of blood insufficiency or hypofunction of blood to nouris
h.
13. 气滞血瘀是由于气的运行不畅而导致的血运障碍。

Blood stasis with qi stagnation means that unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of blood circul ation.
Lesson13
3．精充气足 sufficient essence and abundant qi 9．肌肤甲错squamous and dry skin
12．面部表情facial expressions 13．预后良好favorable prognosis 20．脉象pulse condition 5.局部病变可以影响及全身、内脏的病变，可以从各个方面反映出来。

Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be manifested in various aspects.
6.四诊的方法是在长期的医疗实践中逐步形成和发展起来的。

9.假神是垂危病人出现精神暂时好转的假象。

“False vitality” is a false manifestation of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.
10.常色指人在正常生理状态时的面部色泽。

Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.
20.在临床应用中，只有四诊合参才能得到正确的诊断。

Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform the correc t diagnosis.
Lesson15
2．表里同病
disease involving both exterior and interior/co-existence of exterior and interior disorders
3．寒热错杂co-existence of cold and heat/ mixture of cold and heat
5．真寒假热true cold with false heat 14．寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heat one
16．热证转寒transformation of heat syndrome into cold one
19．潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating
1．疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可用八纲加以归纳。

The manifestations of a disease, though complicated, can be generalized into a certain pattern in th e light of the eight principles.
8．热证是感受热邪、或阳盛阴虚，人体的机能活动亢进所表现的证候。

Heat syndrome, characterized by hyperactivity of human functions, is caused by invasion of patho genic heat or predominance of yang with decline of yin.
13．虚症是对人体正气虚弱各种临床表现的病理概括。

Deficiency syndrome is a pathological generalization of various manifestations due to deficiency o f healthy qi.
14．实证是对人体感受外邪，或体内病理产物蓄积而产生的各种临床表现的病理概括。

Excess syndrome is a pathological generalization of various manifestations caused by exogenous p athogens or accumulation of pathological substances in the body.
16．真阴不足与真阳不足就是肾阴不足与肾阳不足。

Deficiency of genuine yin or yang refers to insufficiency of kidney yin or yang.
Lesson16
1．中草药Chinese medicinal herbs 2．四气五味four properties and five flavors
11．燥湿健脾drying dampness to invigorate the spleen
12．升降沉浮ascending, descending, sinking and floating
13．归经channel tropism of medicines 14．用药禁忌medication contraindication
1．植物药根据入药部分的不同，采集季节和方法也不同。

The seasons and methods of collecting herbs vary with the parts used for medicinal purpose of the herbal plants.
5．寒性药物具有清热、泻火、解毒的作用。

Cold-natured herbs have the functions of clearing away heat, purging fire, and removing toxin. 7．热性药物具有祛寒、温里、助阳的作用。

Hot-natured herbs have the functions of expelling coldness,warming the interior and invigorating yang.
9．辛味药多有发散和行气血的作用。

Herbs pungent in flavor have the functions of dispersing and promoting flow of qi and blood.
问答题
1. What is TCM.
TCM, with a history of thousands of years, unique and integrated theoretical system, rich practical experience and good clinical effect, has been making great contribution to Chinese people’s healt h care and the development of Chinese nation. It is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.
2. Do you know what the characteristics of TCM are.
This unique theoretical system is essentially characterized by the concept of holism and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. The concept of holism is reflection of classic Chinese materiali sm and dialectics in TCM, emphasizing the integrity of the human body and the unity between the
body and its external environments.
3. What are main points of the concept of holism in TCM?
The main points of the concept of holism is emphasizing the integrity of the human body and the u nity between the body and its external environments.
4. How do you understand the theory of yin and yang?
Yin and Yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature. Their relationship as follow that: yin and yang oppose each other, yin and yang depend on each other, yin and yang wane and waxes while the other wanes, yin and yang tra nsform between each other.
5. Please tell the order of restriction of the five elements.
Wood restricts earth, earth restricts water, water restricts fire, fire restricts metal, and metal, in turn , restricts wood.
6. What is the main function of the five zang-organs? (chose one)【考试时要写成一句话，而不是知识点，比如：the main function of lung are……】
Lung: a. primary functions are to dominate Qi and control respiration.
b. diffusion purification and descent as well as regulate water passage
c. the lung assists the heart in circulation blood
heart: a. governing the blood and vessels
b. being in charge of the mind
spleen: a. the spleen dominates the transformation and transportation
b. the spleen up bearing the clear function
c. the spleen controls the blood within the vessels
liver: a. maintaining the smooth flow of Qi
b. storing blood
kidney: a. the most fundamental function of the kidney is to store the body`s essence
b. the kidney presides over water, which here means the metabolism of body fluid
c. the kidney is responsible for holding Qi
7. What are the extraordinary fu-organs and why they are so called?
The extraordinary fu-organs include the brain, marrow, bones, vessels , gallbladder and uterus. They are in morphology and organ hollow inside and with a cavity, and be essential juice, like th e five zang-organs “to store essence-qi”, so they are also called an extraordinary fu-organ.
8 .What are the physiological functions of qi , blood and body fluid?(chose one)
There are mainly five physiological functions of qi. The first is promoting. The second is warming . The third is defending. The fourth is consolidating. The fifth is transforming.
The main physiological function of the blood is to nourish and moisten the whole body. The blood circulates inside the vessels throughout the body, internally to the viscera and externally to the ski n, muscles, tendons and bones.
The physiological functions of body fluid include moistening and nourishing the body, transformi ng and enriching blood, regulating yin and yang, neutralizing toxin and excreting waste.
9.What are the relationships among qi, blood and body fluid?【同六】
Relationships between qi and blood:
a. Qi generates blood.
b. Qi propels blood.
c. Qi commands blood to circulate inside vessels to avoid bleeding.
d. Blood generates qi.
e. Blood carries qi.
Relationships between qi and body fluid:
a. Qi generates body fluid.
b. Qi promotes the flow of body fluid.
c. Qi controls body flui
d.
d. Body fluid carries qi.
e. Body fluid generates qi.
Relationships between blood and body fluid: physiologically, blood and body fluid are both genera ted from food nutrients and can supplement and transform into each other. Pathologically blood an d body fluid can affect each other.
10. what is “meridian system”?
The meridian system refers to the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body. There pathway s connect the viscera with the limbs and joints, link the upper part of the body with the lower part and associate the interior portion with the exterior.
11.How many pathogenic factors are mentioned in the text? What are they?
Pathogenic factors are various, such as abnormal changes of weather, pestilence, mental stimulati on, improper diet, overstrain, trauma due to heavy load, injury caused by falling, incised wound an d insect or animal bites, etc.
12. Do you know anything about disharmony between yin and yang?
Disharmony between yin and yang refers to the relative exuberance or debilitation of yin and yang or failure of yin to control yang or yang to control yin due to various pathogenic factors. The path ological changes of disharmony between yin and yang mainly include relative exuberance relative debilitation, mutual consumption, mutual repulsion and depletion of yin and yang.
13. What are the four diagnostic methods?
The four diagnostic methods include inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry as well as pu lse-taking and palpation. The human body is an organic whole. Local pathological changes may af fect the viscera and the whole body and can be detected from the manifestations of the sensory org ans ,limbs and surface of the body.
14. Do you know anything about eight principles?
The eight principles refer to yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat as well as deficien cy and excess. The manifestations of diseases, though complicated, can be generalized into certain patterns in the light of the eight principles.。