英语语言学实用教程课件Unit46教学讲义
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(1) a traditional festival (2) freezing cold (3) in the next century
2020/5/8
4.3 English clauses and sentences
• A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predication structure. A simple sentence is a clause. Alternatively:
2020/5/8
• Idioms generally have semantic unity and function as noun, verb, adjective and so forth.
• /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
• / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
2020/5/8
Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
• What does it mean to be fat? And, moreover, what does it mean to be a woman who is fat? In the United States, the word “fat” is not merely descriptive; it has a negative connotation. Women are pressured to be thin and young looking at every age, and those who do not fit this definition of normal, are, for the most part, marginalized. (67 words)
2020/5/8
Syntactic units
• Hierarchical system: • (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
• e.g. I met Tom. • a (handsome American young) man • a (handsome American young) man who
• A clause is a group of words that has its own subject and predicate but is included in a sentence. e.g.
(1) I want to know why. (2) Having an influential father is often
• Affix morphemes: prefix; infix; suffix
• Example of infix: foot-feet goose-geese BUT: It 's controversial.
2020/5/8
Discuss
P. 53 No. 1, 2
2020/5/8
Compound
• For the morpheme of "plural meaning" in English: map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/, watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/, ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep /Ø/
• superordinate/main/matrix clause • subordinate clause
2020/5/8
English sentences
• a. Definition: • Semantically, the minimal form that
expresses a complete thought • Formally, not included in any larger
advantageous. (3) Do you know where I come from?
2020/5/8
• A clause may be finite or non-finite. In the latter case, the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause, such as an infinite clause, a –ing or –ed participle clause.
• A stem-formative is the morpheme that serves to create stems. e.g. biology, thermometer
2020/5/8
Discuss
2 English words
• Presentation session
2020/5/8
Root and stem
• The stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords
Practice: Identify those that are function words and those that are lexical words in the following short paragraph. What’s the percentage of function words?
weaknesses
2020/5/8
Morphemic analysis
weaknesses
weakness
-es
•
2020/5/8
weak
-ness
Practice:
• Analyze the word: unwomanliness
2020/5/8
Classification:
• free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness • derivational/inflectional morpheme
imperative
optative (wish-expressing)
exclamatory
2020/5/8
Discuss
• PP. 56-57 No. 7
2020/5/8
4.4 Collocations, idioms, chunks, and constructions
• Some phrases, for various reasons, are more or less tight collocations (like “a handsome car”, “a pretty girl”) or closed idioms (like “in the end” and “leave off”).
2020/5/8
English phrases
• Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses. e.g.
linguistic form
2020/5/8
Classification
simple
sentence
complex
non-simple compound
compound complex
2020/5/8
interrogative
indicative
sentence
declarative
jussive (order-giving)
(a) the government’s policies (b) the latest news (c) two frightened cows
2020/5/8
Root, affix
• Root: the part expressing the basic meaning of a word. It can be free or bound. c.f. brotherly—receive
2020/5/8
• closed-class words -- open-class words
New members of word class: • particles: pass by; make up; to do; not • auxiliaries: I don't do it; is he coming? he has
gone. • pro-forms: Your pen is here (pro-adjective); He
knows better than I do (pro-verb); I hope so(pro-ad); He's here, behind the tree. (prolocative)
(lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es • root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness
2020/5/8
Task
• What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?
always spoke a very heavy dialect.
2020/5/8
Classification of English words
• grammatical words (function words/form words/ functors)
• lexical words
2020/5/8
2020/5/8
4.1 English morphemes
• The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical.
• Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain?
Word formation in English
2020/5/8
• Practice: Point out the devices of word formation for
each of the following: smog, enthuse, tec, PLO, hospitalize, plane (v.) nylon
Lecture 4 The units of English
2020/5/8
Review
Describe the following sounds:
• /f/ • /i/ • / :/
2020/5/8
• [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
•A word composed of two or more free root morphemes is a compound.
c.f. bookcase -- friendship
2020/5/8
Allomorph
• A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this case. They have the same meaning and are in complementary distribution.
2020/5/8
4.3 English clauses and sentences
• A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predication structure. A simple sentence is a clause. Alternatively:
2020/5/8
• Idioms generally have semantic unity and function as noun, verb, adjective and so forth.
• /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
• / :/: mid, central, tense, long, unrounded
2020/5/8
Major contents
4.1 English morphemes 4.2 English words 4.3 English clauses and sentences 4.4 Collocations, idioms, and constructions in English
• What does it mean to be fat? And, moreover, what does it mean to be a woman who is fat? In the United States, the word “fat” is not merely descriptive; it has a negative connotation. Women are pressured to be thin and young looking at every age, and those who do not fit this definition of normal, are, for the most part, marginalized. (67 words)
2020/5/8
Syntactic units
• Hierarchical system: • (morpheme-)word-phrase--clause—
sentence
• e.g. I met Tom. • a (handsome American young) man • a (handsome American young) man who
• A clause is a group of words that has its own subject and predicate but is included in a sentence. e.g.
(1) I want to know why. (2) Having an influential father is often
• Affix morphemes: prefix; infix; suffix
• Example of infix: foot-feet goose-geese BUT: It 's controversial.
2020/5/8
Discuss
P. 53 No. 1, 2
2020/5/8
Compound
• For the morpheme of "plural meaning" in English: map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/, watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/, ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep /Ø/
• superordinate/main/matrix clause • subordinate clause
2020/5/8
English sentences
• a. Definition: • Semantically, the minimal form that
expresses a complete thought • Formally, not included in any larger
advantageous. (3) Do you know where I come from?
2020/5/8
• A clause may be finite or non-finite. In the latter case, the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause, such as an infinite clause, a –ing or –ed participle clause.
• A stem-formative is the morpheme that serves to create stems. e.g. biology, thermometer
2020/5/8
Discuss
2 English words
• Presentation session
2020/5/8
Root and stem
• The stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords
Practice: Identify those that are function words and those that are lexical words in the following short paragraph. What’s the percentage of function words?
weaknesses
2020/5/8
Morphemic analysis
weaknesses
weakness
-es
•
2020/5/8
weak
-ness
Practice:
• Analyze the word: unwomanliness
2020/5/8
Classification:
• free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness • derivational/inflectional morpheme
imperative
optative (wish-expressing)
exclamatory
2020/5/8
Discuss
• PP. 56-57 No. 7
2020/5/8
4.4 Collocations, idioms, chunks, and constructions
• Some phrases, for various reasons, are more or less tight collocations (like “a handsome car”, “a pretty girl”) or closed idioms (like “in the end” and “leave off”).
2020/5/8
English phrases
• Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses. e.g.
linguistic form
2020/5/8
Classification
simple
sentence
complex
non-simple compound
compound complex
2020/5/8
interrogative
indicative
sentence
declarative
jussive (order-giving)
(a) the government’s policies (b) the latest news (c) two frightened cows
2020/5/8
Root, affix
• Root: the part expressing the basic meaning of a word. It can be free or bound. c.f. brotherly—receive
2020/5/8
• closed-class words -- open-class words
New members of word class: • particles: pass by; make up; to do; not • auxiliaries: I don't do it; is he coming? he has
gone. • pro-forms: Your pen is here (pro-adjective); He
knows better than I do (pro-verb); I hope so(pro-ad); He's here, behind the tree. (prolocative)
(lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es • root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness
2020/5/8
Task
• What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?
always spoke a very heavy dialect.
2020/5/8
Classification of English words
• grammatical words (function words/form words/ functors)
• lexical words
2020/5/8
2020/5/8
4.1 English morphemes
• The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical.
• Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain?
Word formation in English
2020/5/8
• Practice: Point out the devices of word formation for
each of the following: smog, enthuse, tec, PLO, hospitalize, plane (v.) nylon
Lecture 4 The units of English
2020/5/8
Review
Describe the following sounds:
• /f/ • /i/ • / :/
2020/5/8
• [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
•A word composed of two or more free root morphemes is a compound.
c.f. bookcase -- friendship
2020/5/8
Allomorph
• A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this case. They have the same meaning and are in complementary distribution.