英语词汇学第8讲
英语词汇学课件 Unit 8
三个角度：词义范围、词义褒贬、词义转移
8.2 Semantic broadening and narrowing
8.2.1 Semantic broadening 8.2.1.1 definition
semantic broadening (the widening/ extension/generalization of meaning) : the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g. the meaning of bird, formerly ‘young bird’, was extended, in the early history of English, to mean ‘bird’ in general. mill/journal/bonfire/butcher/companion
8.2.1.2 different types of broadening 从特指到泛指: sun “江” 、“河” 从具体到抽象: place, thing(a public assembly, Old English and Old Norse / an entity of any kind) circumstance 从术语到一般词语 allergic, feedback 从专有名词到普通名词 sandwich newton ampere
8.3.2 semantic degradation
the degradation/degeneration/pejoration of meaning: Change by which a word develops a less favorable sense.
英语专业词汇学第8章
3. Idioms Adjectival in Nature形容词性习语： Nature形容词性习语： They function as adjectives in a sentence. e.g.: cut and dried wide of the mark up in the air
Formation of Adjectival Idioms
Chapter 8
English Idiom
Objectives:
To discuss the characteristics of idioms; idioms; To explain their classification and uses. uses.
Teaching Focus:
The Characteristics of Idioms The Classification of Idoms The Uses of Idioms
Formation of Verbal Idioms
D. Verb + Noun + Prepositional Phrase keep the wolf from the door (keep out hunger), pull the wool over one’s eyes (fool someone into one’ thinking well of you) E. Verb + Noun + Preposition get the jump on (get ahead of), pick holes in (find a mistake or things wrong with) F. Verb + Adjectives go easy (go or act slowly), come clean (confess)
英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
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❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
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❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
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8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other（2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary词语分类Classification of English Words：1.By use frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary基本词汇的特征:1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words (6)Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms2.By notion: content words实词 & functional words虚词3.By origin: native words & borrowed wordsNative words（本族语词）: Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)1) denizens(同化词，融入英语): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词，可以看出源头）: kowtow3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see / tofu4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed withreference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed pioneer本指开拓者，先引申为先锋。
英语词汇学教程课件第8章English Lexicology 8上
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
陈新仁-英语词汇学教程课后答案-第八单元
Unit 8Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. English words are either appreciative or derogatory. (F)b. The affective meaning of a word may change over time. (T)c. Affective meaning has nothing to do with culture. (F)d. The semantic prosody of a word determines the affective meaning of its collocates. (T)e. A variety of lexical devices are employed in English to express affective meanings. (T)In-Class Activities1. The following two pairs of sentences contain four words in bold face.A. a. His (her) eyes sparkled with amusement (merriment, good humour, high spirits, happiness).b. His (her) eyes glittered with anger (rage, hatred, malice).B. a. Look at that lovely little girl.b. Look at that tiny girl.ASK:(1) Can the two words in bold face in each pair of sentences be used interchangeably? If not,why?(2) Can you suggest more pairs like the above ones?KEY:Answer:(1) No. The verbs sparkle and glitter are close synonyms. They are different in terms of affective connotations. In the above two sentences, both adjectives (little and tiny) describe the smallness of the girl. However, little suggests ‘attractiveness’ and ‘pleasantness’ while tiny implies the abnormal growth of the child. Therefore, little is appreciative while tiny is derogatory.(2) Slim and skinnyFamous and notoriousProud and arrogantConfident and conceited2. The following are the concordance lines of the verbs cause and provide obtained with thecorpus tool from a very small part of BNC (spoken and part of written news report). Observe the collocates of the two words and answer the questions that follow.ASK:(1) What are the features of the two words in terms of semantic prosody?(2) Can you use each of the two words in a sentence of your own?Answer:(1) Cause is often used with words with a negative feature, that is, something unpleasant, such as problem, damage, danger, chaos. Provide is often used with words with a positive feature, or something useful, for example, food accommodation, necessities, comfortable conditions.(2) The bad weather is causing problems for many farmers.The hospital has a commitment to provide the best possible medical care.3. One interesting finding about semantic prosody is that it often demonstrates some relationship with transitivity. Louw (1993) points out that where human beings are in control of their own destiny and are shaping it transitively for themselves, the semantic prosody is positive, but where people are at the mercy of forces beyond their control, the things which build up intransitively are negative and uniformly threatening. For example, the verb phrase “break out”can be both transitive and intransitive (Sinclair, 1990). Observe the following concordance lines in which break out appears:(1) Which of the lines above involve the transitive use of break out? Which involve theintransitive use of break out?(2) What are the semantic features of break out in these sentences?Answer:(1) Break out in Line 1-8 is intransitive whereas it is transitive in Line 9-15.(2) Break out in Line 1-8 is used with the subject being something negative, such as war, fight, trouble, violence. However, break out in Line 9-15 is used with words expressing something that pleasant, such as beer, barbecue, apple cider.4. The following is an excerpt from Henrik Ibsen’s drama A Doll’s House. Read this excerpt and then answer questions.Mrs. Linde: But how dare a man of his education be so forward?Nora: What on earth are you talking about?Mrs. Linde: Oh, stop pretending, Nora. Do you think I haven’t guessed who it was who lent you that two hundred pounds?Nora: Are you out of your mind? How could you imagine such a thing? A friend, someone who comes here every day! Why, that’d be an impossible situation!Mrs. Linde: Then it really wasn’t him?Nora: No, of course not. I’ve never for a moment dreamed of -- anyway, he hadn’t any money tolend then. He didn’t come into that till later.Mrs. Linde: Well, I think that was a lucky thing for you, Nora dear.Nora: No, I could never have dreamed of asking Dr. Rank – Though I’m sure that if I ever did ask him—Mrs. Linde: But of course you won’t.Nora: Of course not. I can’t imagine that it should ever become necessary. But I’m perfectly sure that if I did speak to Dr. Rank—Mrs. Linde: Behind you husband’s back?Nora: I’ve got to get out this other business; and that’s been going on behind his back. I’ve got to get out of it.Mrs. Linde: Yes, well, that’s what I told you yesterday. But—Nora (walking up and down): It’s much easier for a man to arrange these things than a woman—Mrs. Linde: one’s own husband, yes.Nora: Oh, bosh, (Stops walking.) When you’ve completely repaid a debt you get your I. O. U.back, don’t you?Mrs. Linde: Yes, of course.Nora: And you can tear it into a thousand pieces and burn the filthy, beastly thing!Mrs. Linde(looks hard at her, puts down her sewing and gets up slowly): Nora, you’re hiding something from me.Nora: Can you see that?Mrs. Linde: Something has happened since yesterday morning. Nora, what is it?Nora (goes towards her): Christine! (listens.) Ssh! There’s Torvald. Would you mind going into the nursery for a few minutes? Torvald can’t bear to see sewing around. Anne-Marie’ll help you.Mrs. Linde (gathers some of her things together): Very well. But I shan’t leave this house until we’ve talked this matter out.She goes into the nursery, left. As she does so, Helmer enters from the hall.Nora (runs to meet him): Oh, Torvald dear, I’ve been so longing for you to come back! Helmer: Was that the dressmaker?Nora: No, it was Christine. She’s helping me mend my costume. I’m going to look rather splendid in that.Helmer: Yes, that was quite a bright idea of mine, wasn’t it?Nora: Wonderful! But wasn’t it nice of me to give in to you?Helmer(takes her chin in his hand): Nice—to give in to your husband? All right, little silly, I know you didn’t mean it like that. But I won’t disturb you. I expect you’ll be wanting to try it on.Nora: Are you going to work now?Helmer: Yes. (Shows her a bundle of papers.) Look at these. I’ve been down to the bank—(Turns to go into his study.)Nora: Torvald.Helmer: (stops): Yes.Nora: If a little squirrel asked you really prettily to grant her a wish—Helmer: First I should naturally have to know what it was.Nora: Squirrel would do lots of pretty tricks for you if you granted her a wish.Helmer: Out with it, then.ASK:(1) How many types of lexical devices are used to convey each of the speaker’s affect? What arethey?(2) What do you think are the effects of these lexical devices?Answer:(1) Interjections: oh, wonderful, out with itExclamatory what and how: how dareExaggerative expressions: a thousand piecesIntensifiers: so, quite, rather, much, of course, never, on earth, really, naturally, completely, perfectly(2) These lexical devices clearly shows the speaker’s affect and attitude5. In English, there are numerous expressions deployable for intensifying an attitude or emotion. Look at the following utterances.a. I did not regret a drop [a rush/a tittle].b. My father did not care a straw [a bean/a fig/a jot/a button].c. Mary did not worry a pin [a scrap].d. The man did not flinch a hair.ASK:(1) How are these expressions similar to each other?(2) Can you provide more expressions of the same kind?Answer:(1) They mean “a small amount” and they are all used with “not”, forming emphasizing negatives.(2) a bit, a touch, a hint, a trace, a grain, a speck, an ounce, an itom6. It is often necessary that public notices be written with emphatic tones. Look at the following notices.ASK:(1) Which word can be omitted without affecting the basic meaning of the notice in each case?(2) Do you know of other ways that may serve to intensify the tone of public notices?Answer:(1)anytime, strictly, absolutely(2)never, anyone, anywhere, anyway, completely, definitely, entirelyPost-Class Tasks1. In the following table, words in the first column are appreciative words. Match them with words in the right column that are derogatory.Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured over-the-topgenerous fancifulthrifty arrogantdetermined nosyshrewd self-importantconfident meanfrank cunningenthusiastic abruptinquisitive stubbornimaginative extravagantAnswer:Appreciative Derogatoryself-assured self-importantgenerous extravagantthrifty meandetermined stubbornshrewd cunningconfident arrogantfrank abruptenthusiastic over-the-topinquisitive nosyimaginative fanciful2. Poets tend to be highly affectionate people. Read the following well-known poem by Robert Burns. Discuss the lexical devices that the poet uses to convey his strong emotion. What other methods does he employ for the same purpose?A Red, Red RoseMy love is like a red, red roseThat’s newly sprung in June:My love is like the melodyThat’s sweetly played in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in love am I:And I will love thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun:And I will love thee still, my dear,While the sands o’ life shall ru n.And fare thee weel, my only love,And fare thee weel a while!And I will come again, my love,Thou’ it were ten thousand mile.Answer:(1) Exclamation: weel; amplifier: so; exaggerative expression: ten thousand mile(2) Other devices: Repetitions, exaggerations, similes3. The following words or phrases have been claimed to have a negative (‘unpleasant’, or ‘unfavourable’) semantic prosody. For each case, investigate whether this is true.For those cases that do have a negative prosody, identify near-synonyms with a neutral or positive semantic prosody.a. be bent onb. commitc. dealingsd. happene. make off withAnswer:bent on: True. For example: bent on violence, bent on destroying, bent on self-destruction, etc.) happen: True. This word is often used with words such as “accident”, “strange things”. commit: True. This word often collocates with crime, offence, rape, assault, unlawful act.Neutral synonyms: do, perform, carry outmake off with: True.dealings: Not true. This word does not necessarily collocate with negative words. Instead, neutral collocates are often found, such as dealings with customers, exchange dealings, dealings in commodities, dealings between parties, dealings in contract, dealings with business investors, dealings with corporate investors.4．Find out the emphasizing negatives in the following sentences.a. Don’t worry. I am not at all hungry.b. Sorry, but I am not the slightest bit interested in this project.c. There are none at all in this box, as far as I can see.d. I did n’t enjoy it in the least.e. There is no money whatsoever available for school trips at the moment.f. You have no excuse whatever.g. I’ll never, never go to there again.5. Read the following sentences and group them according to the type of lexical devices used to express the speaker’s affect.a. I just don’t like it.b. I kind of like him.c. You are absolutely correct.d. They literally tore his arguments to pieces.e. I so wanted to see her.f. They honestly admire her courage.g. I can well understand your feelings.h. I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.i. The incident somewhat influenced his later life.Answer:Emphasiers:I just don’t like it.They literally tore his arguments to pieces.They honestly admire her courage.Amplifiers:You are absolutely correct.I so wanted to see her.I can well understand your feelings.Downtoners:I kind of like him.I quite enjoyed the party, but I’ve been to better ones.The incident somewhat influenced his later life.6. Read the following sentences and decide whether the italicized words are emphasiers, amplifiers or downtoners.a. My brother can actually speak six foreign languages. (emphasizer)b. It was a sacrifice indeed. (emphasizer)c. I can perfectly see why you are anxious about it. (amplifiers)d. I simply don’t believe it. (emphasizer)e. I know these animals slightly. (downtoners)f. I entirely agree with you. (amplifiers)g. I am sort of fond of the new teacher. (downtoners)h. That’s a somewhat thicker book. (downtoners)。
英语词汇学串讲资料（unit8-完）
Unit Eight: Changes in Word MeaningVocabulary is the most unstable element of a language. It has been undergoing constant changes both in form and content and these changes are characterized by the following modes:1 Extension/Generalization, a process in which the specialized meaning has become generalized1) from specific to general picture, a painting or drawing—photo film or anything beautiful rubbish, rubble—waste or worthless thing2) from proper to nouns to common nouns sandwich, Earl of Sandwich, an English nobleman—slices of bread with meat between champagne, a province of East France—white wine3) from concrete to abstract matter, timber, the hard part of tree—substance, material, importance business, state of being busy—one’s employment, trade and getting of money, duty4) words from technical terms to general catalyst, a chemical term—anything triggers an event bomb, a technical term—anything quick or particularly effective2 Narrowing/Specialization, a process by which the word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense1) from general to specific meat, food and drink—flesh of animals as food, excluding that of fish and birds garage, any safe place—building where cars are stored or repaired hospital, place for shelter or entertainment of travelers—place where people are treated for illness or injuries2) from abstract to concrete gear, habits, manners; then, equipment, apparatus—a set of toothed wheels working together in a machine catch, act of seizing and holding a ball—a hook or an apparatus for fastening something3) from common nouns to proper nouns Mediterranean, (of land) remote from coast or (of water) landlocked—The Mediterranean Seas far east, remote area in east—Far East, the area in east Asia3 Elevation/Amelioration, a process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance minister, the head of the government department—humble servant to the king diplomat, person with art and skill at dealing with people and getting them to agree—messenger sending official statement to another part4 Degradation/Deterioration, a process by which words with a commendatory meaning fall into derogatory sense villein, feudal serf—villain, scoundrel/wench, young woman—a lewd woman, prostitute5 SemanticTransfer, a process in which the word used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else paper, an African plant papyrus used to make paper—a flat sheet of substance for writing brigand, light-armed, irregular foot soldier—armed thief, dishonest and deceitful mani. associated transfer: lip of wound/tongue of a bell/nose of a plane ii. subjective and objective meaning transfer:pitiful/hateful/fearful/suspicious iii. transfer of sensation: sweet music/loud color6 Causes for Semantic Changes1) Extra-linguistic Factorsa Historical, change illustrated by a diachronic development car from Latin carrus meaning chariot, a four-wheeled carriage with back seats—a vehicle driven by a motor atom, originally regarded as the smallest indivisible particle of matter—proved to be further divisible with the discovery of proton, neutron and electronb Social, that reflecting the impact of social development intelligence, power of reasoning or understanding mainly referring to human—applied to that of machine as in artificial intelligence democracy, rule by people, in contrast with monocracy or autocracy—used with different senses in different societies and to different peoplesc Psychological, change deriving from various psychological motives of love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, sarcasm, contempt, hatred or respective euphemistic use and associated transfer clown, a performer who acts to amuse people by dressing funnily or with jokes, and tricks—person acts foolishly or stupidly with strong derogative sense copperhead, a venomous snake in North America—a despised person who were secretly aiding and abetting the South in the American Civil War angel, martyr and paradise all have their meanings elevated because of the influence of Christianity2) Linguistic Factorsa Ellipsis, word retained to represent the meaning of a phrase private for private soldier/bulb for light bulb b Associated Transfer, word whose meaning transfers by association fall, descend or go down freely—fall of leaves—autumnc Borrowing,word whose meaning changes because of borrowed words deer, formerly meaning animal—a large fast 4-footed animal, d Analogy, word whose meaning changes because of another word that is like it fortuitous, accidental of happening by chance —lucky, following fortunateUnit Nine: Semantic Changes from the Literal Use to Figurative UseParallel with the generalization and specialization of denotative meaning change and elevation and degeneration of connotative meaning change, another important semantic change is from literal to figurative1 Metaphor, a figure of speech which makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements without the connecting words of like or asImperialism is a paper tiger1) Anthropomorphic, comparison of inanimate objects to the parts of human bodyeye of needle/teeth of comb/lip of cup/mouth of river/nose of car/head of hammer/leg of table/foot of wall/arm of chair/hand of clock/ear of wheat/2) Animal, inanimate objects called after an animala dark horse, one who wins in a race out of expectation black sheep, one regarded with disfavor or shame as compared with others in a group3) Synaesthetic, a direct association between form and meaning of language based on similaritywarm and cold weather (literal)—warm and cold voice (metaphorical) a golden crown (literal)—a golden opportunity (metaphorical) a stormy day (literal)—a stormy quarrel (figurative)2 Simile, a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements with at least one point of resemblance in appearance, quality, action or effect, using connecting word such as like or as He looks like his brother Food is important to people as water to fish3 Metonymy, a language device involving substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it1) according to names of persons Uncle Sam, US government/John Bull, the English nation personified2) according to names of animals the Bear, the Soviet Union/the Dragon, Chinese3) according to names of parts of the body foot, infantry/mother tongue, native language/thumb of sth, the rule, principle of sth4) according to names of professions mass media, newspaper, magazine, TV and radio/bench, the judge5) according to location or building White House/Pentagon/Whitehall/Downing Street/Wall Street/Capitol Hill/Hollywood6) according to abstract words beauty, one who is very beautiful/7) according to the container for the thing bottle, wine/dish, food brought to table8) according to the material for the thing made board, a table where people sit around9) according to ellipsis a daily for daily paper/private for private soldier4 Synecdoche, a figure of speech involving the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part1) the part for the whole We are no longer short of hands (helper) 2) the whole for the part Australia beat Canada in cricket. (the team)5 Euphemism, the substitution of a word with more pleasant connotation for the one with unpleasant connotationwash-room for toilet; lavatory/sanitation engineer for cleaner the call of nature for pass water; urinate or empty the bowels; go on stooluntidy for dirty/unwise for foolish/untruthful for lyingTo h with it for To hell with it/Why on earth not for Why the hell notdownturn for recession for depression for slump for economic crisisFor Reasons of Taboo, a custom of avoiding using certain expressions for religious, cultural or other social concernsIn western countries, people tend to avoid using religious words, thus they say:Goodness/My Goodness/Goodness me/For Goodness’ sake/Thank GoodnessBy Heaven/Good Heavens/Heaven forbid/Heaven knows/Gracious HeavenGracious me/My Gracious/Gracious/My Gum/By Gum6 Personification, a figure of speech in which something impersonal is incarnated with life to act and conductThe pot calls the kettle black/Action speaks louder than words Fire and water are good servants but bad masters7 Rhetorical FeaturesRhetoric refers to the art of speaking or writing by ways of arrangement of word and its sound so as to produce special effect1) Phonetic Manipulation, an arrangement of words with similar or same sound to produce a particular effecta alliteration, the appearance of the same sound in the first two words as in might and main/part and parcelb rhyme, the ends of the same sound in words as in kith and kin/fair and square/A little pot is soon hot2) Lexical Manipulation, the arrangement of words to produce a particular effecta reiteration, the duplication of synonyms pick and choose; select with much care/odds and ends; remnantsb repetition, the reuse of the same word in an expression all in all; totally/out and out; thoroughlyc juxtaposition, the placement of antonyms side by side hit or miss/treat or trick/rain or shine/sooner or laterd miscellaneous manipulation for syntactic effects as contrast/parallelismUnit Ten: Word Meaning and ContextContext of situation refers to the whole set of external world features considered to be relevant in the analysis of an utterance at different levels. It states the meaning of a word in terms of the speech in which it is used. There are following examples:A phatic communion, a speech situation in which the words do not express meaning but a purely social action as “How are you?”B language deictics, expression identifying objects, persons and events in terms of their relations to the speaker in space and time as a spatial relations of here and there/this and that/come and go/bring and take b time relations of now andthen/yesterday and tomorrow c social relations denoting politeness, familiarity or seriousness. They reflect the style of speech which mainly entail the following features4 " > a ) p r o v i n c e , c o n c e r n e d w i t h e x p r e s s i o n s o f o c c u p a t i o n o r p r o f e s s i o n a l a c t i v i t y b ) s t a t u s , r e l a t e d t o f o r m a l i t y a n d u s e o f p o l i t e a n d c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o c i a l o c c a s i o n s c ) m o d a l i t y , p e r t a i n e d t o t h e c h o i c e o f e x p r e s s i o n a p p l i c a b l e t o r e l e v a n t l a n g u a g e b o d y s u c h a s p o e t r y a n d p r o s e , e s s a y a n d s h o r t s t o r y , m e m o r a n d a , t e l e g r a m s o r j o k e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 15 " > T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f c o n t e x t s : l i n g u i s t i c a n d e x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c . T h e f o r m e r i n c l u d e s l e x i c a l a n d g r a m m a t i c a l o n e s a n d t h e l a t t e r c o m p r i s e s t h a t o f s i t u a t i o n , c u l t u r e a n d s t y l e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 16 " > W o r d m e a n i n g v a r i e s a n d t h e v e r y s e n s e o f t h e w o r d i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 17 " > 1 E x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e s p e a k e r s i n t e n t i o n , t h e h e a r e r s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d t h e o c c a s i o n o f t h e u t t e r a n c e .A n d i t m a y e m b r a c e t h e e n t i r e c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 8 " > 2 L i n g u i s t i c w h i c h c o m p r i s e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 9 " > 1 ) L e x i c a l , t h e s t a t e i n w h i c h o n e w o r d m e a n i n g i s a f f e c t e d a n d d e f i n e d b y t h e n e i g h b o r i n g w o r d s A s h e e t o f p a p e r / a w h i t e p a p e r / a t e r m p a p e r / e x a m i n a t i o n p a p e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 0 " > 2 ) G r a m m a t i c a l , t h e c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d i s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r e w h e r e t h e w o r d a p p e a r s T h i s s o r t o f b e h a v i o r s e l d o m b e c o m e s a p e r s o n i n y o u r p o s i t i o n ( s u i t ) W h a t w i l l b e c o m e o f y o u i f t h e c o m p a n y g o e s b a n k r u p t ? ( h a p p e n t o ) D a y d r e a m s h a v e b e c o m e r e a l i t i e s . ( t u r n i n t o ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 1 " > 3 T h e R o l e s o f C o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 2 " > 1 ) E l i m i n a t i o n o f A m b i g u i t y H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n t o d e a l w i t h I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n l i k e s M a r r y . I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n I d o J e a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 3 " > 2 ) I n d i c a t i o n o f R e f e r e n t s I w a n t t o t e l l . ( a m b i g u o u s ) I w a n t t o t e l l t h i s t o h i m n o w h e r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 4 " > 3 ) P r o v i s i o n o f C l u e s f o r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 5 " > a d e f i n i t i o n : P e r h a p s t h e m o s t s t a r t l i n g t h e o r y t o c o m e o u t o f k i n e s i c s , t h e s t u d y o f b o d y m o v e m e n t , w a s s u g g e st e d b y D r . C o l e m a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 6 " > b e x p l a n a t i o n : I t s j u s t o n e m o r e i n c r e d i b l e r e s u l t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s t h o s e t i n y p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s s i l i c o n c h i p s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 7 " > c e x a m p l e : M a n y U N e m p l o y e e s a r e p o l y g l o t s . M s . M a r y , f o r e x a m p l e , s p e a k s f i v e l a n g u a g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 8 " > d s y n o n y m y : T h e i r g r e a t e s t f e a r w a s o f a c o n f l a g r a t i o n , s i n c e f i r e w o u l d d e s t r o y t h e i r f l i m s y w o o d e n s e t t l e m e n t b e f o r e h e l p c o u l d a r r i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > e a n t o n y m y : A s t h e f i g h t i n g o n a l l f r o n t s r e a c h e d i t s p e a k , t h e e c o n o m y n e a r e d i t s n a d i r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 0 " > f h y p o n y m y : T h e v i l l a g e h a d t h e u s u a l a m e n i t i e s : a p u b , a l i b r a r y , a p o s t o f f i c e , a v i l l a g e h a l l , a m e d i c a l c e n t e r a n d a s c h o o l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > g w o r d s t r u c t u r e : C o p e r n i c u s b e l i e v e d i n a h e l i o c e n t r i c u n i v e r s e , r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e g e o c e n t r i c t h e o r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > h R e l e v a n t d e t a i l s : D o g e t m e a c l o p , s h e s a id , s m a c k i n g he r l i p s , b u t h e r b r o t h e r , w i t h a s c o r nf u lg l a n c e u p a t th e b r a n c h e s , s ai d t h a t t he r e w e r e n o n e r i p e y e t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 3 3 " > U n i t E l e v e n : E ng l i sh I di o m s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 34 " > I d i o m s c o n s i s t o f s e t p h r a s e s a n d s h o r t s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h a r e p e c u l i a r t o t h e l a n g u a g e i n d i s c u s s i o n a n d l o a d e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e c u l t u r e s a n d i d e a s . T h e r e f o r e , i d i o m s a r e c o l o r f u l , f o r c i b l e a n d t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g . T h e y a r e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s n o t r e a d i l y u n d e r s t a n d a b l e f r o m t h e i r l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s . I n a b r o a d s e n s e , i d i o m s i n c l u d e c o l l o q u i a l i s m s , c a t c h p h r a s e s , s l a n g e x p r e s s i o n s , p r o v e r b s , e t c . . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 35 " > 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 36 " > 1 ) S e m a n t i c U n i t y : A n i d i o m m a y c o n s i s t o f m o r e t h a n o n e w o r d , b u t e a c h i s a s e m a n t i c u n i t y , w i t h t h e w o r d s i n v o l v e d l o s i n g t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 37 " > 2 ) S t r u c t u r a l S t a b i l i t y : U n l i k e t h a t o f f r e e p h r a s e s , t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a n i d i o m t o a l a r g e e x t e n t i s u n c h a n g e a b l e . T h e w o r d o r d e r c a n n o t b e i n v e r t e d n o r w o r d r e p l a c e d ; t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s c a n n o t b e d e l e t e d o r a d d e d t o ; a n d m a n y i d i o m s a r e g r a m m a t i c a l l y u n a n a l y s a b l e T h e i d i o m a t i c i t y o f e x p r e s s i o n s i s g r a d a b l e o n a s c a l e w i t h f o r m s o f t r u e i d i o m s , s e m i - i d i o m s a n d f r e e p h r a s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 38 " > 2 C r i t e r i a o n I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 39 " > 1 ) S h i f t / S p l i t T e s t: T h e m a c h i n e t u r n s o n t h e c e n t r a l p i v o t ( r o t a t e ) P o p m u s i c t u r n s m a n y p e o p l e o n ( e x c i t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 2 ) P a r t i c l e D e l e t i o n T e s t : R o b e r t d r e w o u t 2 0 p o u n d s f r o m h i s s a v i n g s a c c o u n t ( w i t h d r a w ) H i s p r o m o t i o n s t e p p e d u p h i s s o c i a l s t a t u s ( e l e v a t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 3 ) R e p l a c e m e n t T e s t : T h e w e a t h e r r e a l l y m u c k e d u p o u r w e e k e n d ( m e s s u p ) O n e s h o u l d n e v e r t u r n s u p h i s n o s e a t a n y o n e h e d i s l i k e s . ( s h o w d i s d a i n f o r ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 3 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = "1 4 3 " > I n t e r m s o f s t r u c t u r e , i d i o m s f a l l i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : 1 ) L e x e m i c I d i o m s ; t h o s e f o r m e d a r o u n d m a i n w o r d s a s l i k e t h e b r e e z e m e a n i n g e a s i l y2 ) P h r a s e o l o g i c a l I d i o m s ; t h o s e c o m i n g i n t o a n e n t i r e c l a u s e s i n l e n g t h a s f l y o f f t h e h a n d l e m e a n i n g l o s e c o n t r o l o f o n e s e l f3 ) S e n t e n c e I d i o m s ; t h o s e e s t a b l i s h e d p o p u l a r s a y i n g s a n d p r o v e r b s a s A l l i s n o t g o l d t h a t g l i t t e r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 14 4 " > S t y l i s t i c a l l y , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o r m s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 45 " > 1 ) c o l l o q u i a l i s m , a f a m i l i a r , i n f o r m a l w a y o f c o n v e r s a t i o n a s h a n g i n m e a n i n g n o t g i v e u p 2 ) s l a n g , a k i n d o f e x p r e s s i o n n o t a c c e p t a b l e i n s e r i o u s s p e e c h a s b u c k f o r d o l l a r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 46 " > 3 ) l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n , a f o r m o f l a n g u a g e n o t u s e d i n o r d i n a r y o c c a s i o n b u t f o r t h e l i t e r a c y i n t h e f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t a s b e i t t h a t m e a n i n g e v e n t h o u g h / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 47 " > F o r r h e t o r i c a l p u r p o s e s , i d i o m s a p p e a l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y s : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 48 " > 1 ) p h o n e t i c m a n i p u l a t i o n a a l l i t e r a t i o n a s n e i t h e r f i s h , f l e s h , n o r f o w l m e a n i n g d i f f i c u l t t o c l a s s i f y b r h y m e a s f a i r a n d s q u a r e m e a n i n g j u s t o r h o n e s t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 49 " > 2 ) l e x i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n a r e i t e r a t i o n a s b i t s a n d p i e c e s m e a n i n g o d d s a n d e n d s b r e p e t i t i o n a s b y a n d b y m e a n i n g g r a d u a l l y c j u x t a p o s i t i o n a s r a i n o r s h i n e m e a n i n g u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > A c c o r d i n g t o f i g u r a t i v e s p e e c h , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 1 ) s i m i l e a s e a t l i k e a h o r s e m e a n i n g h u n g r i l y 2 ) m e t a p h o r a s c r o c o d i l e t e a r s m e a n i n g s h o w i n s i n c e r e s o r r o w 3 ) m e t o n y m y , a s m a k e u p o n e s p u r s e m e a n i n g r a i s e m o n e y 4 ) s y n e c d o c h e a s e a r n o n e s b r e a d m e a n i n g m a k e a l i v i n g 5 ) p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n a s A c t i o n s p ea k s l o u d e r t h a n w o r d s 6 ) e u p h e m i s m a s p e r f u m e d t a l k m e a n i n g i n d e c e n t t a l k / p > pb d s f i d = "1 52 " > U n i t T w e l v e : E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 53 " > A d i c t i o n a r y i s a r e f e r e n c e b o o k c o n t a i n i n g w o r d s u s u a l l y a l p h a b e t i c a l l y a r r a n g e d a l o n g w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r f o r m s , p r o n u n c i a t i o n s , f u n c t i o n s , e t y m o l o g i e s , m e a n i n g s a n d s y n t a c t i c a l a n d i d i o m a t i c u s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 54 " > 1 T y p e s o f D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 15 5 " > 1 ) m o n o l i n g u a l , b i l i n g u a l a n d m u l t i - l i n g u a l 2 ) l i n g u i s t i c a n d e n c y c l o p e d i c ; o n e d e f i n e s w o r d s a n d t h e o t h e r e x p l a i n s f a c t s a n d c o n c e p t s 3 ) u n a b r i d g e d , d e s k a n d p o c k e t 4 ) g e n e r a l a n d s p e c i a l i z e d / s u b j e c t 5 ) s y n c h r o n i c a n d d i a c h r o n i c6 ) p r i n t e d a n d e l e c t r o n i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 2 T h e H i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 57 " > T h e h i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y b e g a n w i t h g l o s s a r i e s i n t h e M i d d l e E n g l i s h p e r i o d a n d h a v e u n d e r g o n e f i v e p e r i o d s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 58 " > 1 ) M i d d l e A g e s - e n d o f 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , g l o s s a r y - m a k i n g ; T h o m a s C o o p e r s T h e s a u r u s L i n g u a e R o m a n a e o f B r i t a n n i c a e o f 1 5 6 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 59 " > 2 ) B e g i n n i n g o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , h a r d w o r d s d e a l i n g ; R o b e r t C a w d r e y s A T a b l e o f A l p h a b e t i c a l E n g l i s h W o r d s o f 1 6 0 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 3 ) M i d d l e - e n d o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , e t y m o l o g i c a l s t u d y ; S t e p h e n S k i n n e r sE t y m o l o g i c a l L i n g u a e A n g l i c a n a e o f 1 6 6 7 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 4 ) 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n ; S a m u e l J o h n s o n s A D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 7 5 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 5 ) 1 9 t h - 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , i m p r o v e m e n t a n d m a t u r i t y ; / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > a . C h a r l e s R i c h a r d s o n s A N e w D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 3 6 b . T h e O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 2 8 c . T h e C o n c i s e O x f o r d D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 1 1 d . N o a h W e b s t e r s T h e A m e r i c a n D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 2 8 e . W e b s t e r s T h i r d N e w I n t e r n a t i o n a l D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 9 6 1 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 3 C o n t e n t o f t h e D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 1 ) s p e l l i n g i n c l u d e s s t a n d a r d f o r m , a l t e r n a t i v e s a n d v a r i a n t s ; i r r e g u l a r v e r b s ; f o r m s o f c o m p o u n d - - - s o l i d , h y p h e n a t e d a n d o p e n ; s y l l a b i c a t i o n o f w o r d s ; a n d c a p i t a l i z a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 2 ) p r o n u n c i a t i o n : B r i t i s h d i c t i o n a r i e s g e n e r a l l y u s e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h o n e t i c A l p h a b e t a n d A m e r i c a n o n e s e m p l o y W e b s t e r s s y s t e m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 3 ) d e f i n i t i o n , t h e m a i n b o d y o f d i c t i o n a r y i n w h i c h p o l y s e m a n t s a r e l i s t e d c h r o n i c a l l y w i t h e a r l y m e a n i n g c o m i n g i n f i r s t , a n d p r i n c i p a l l y l i t e r a l u s e a r r a n g e d b e f o r e f i g u r a t i v e , g e n e r a l b e f o r e s p e c i a l , c o m m o n b e f o r e r a r e . T h e a p p r o a c h t o d e f i n i t i o n m a y t a k e t h e f o r m s o f e x p l a n a t i o n s , s y n o n y m s , i l l u s t r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s a n d e v e n a i d i n g p i c t u r e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 4 ) u s a g e c o m p r i s e s u s a g e l e v e l : s t a n d a r d , s u b s t a n d a r d , n o n - s t a n d a r d , i l l i t e r a t e ; s t y l e : f o r m a l , i n f o r m a l , c o l l o q u i a l , s l a n g , b i b l i c a l , p o e t i c ; c u r r e n c y : o l d - f a s h i o n e d , a r c h a i c , o b s o l e t e ; r e g i s t e r : l a w , c h e m i s t r y , m e d i c i n e , B r E , A m E ; c o l o r i n g : a p p r e c i a t i v e , d e r o g a t o r y , e u p h e m i s m , h u m o r , p o m p o u s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 5 ) g r a m m a r c o v e r s w o r d c l a s s e s , i n f l e c t i o n s a n d s y s t e m o f v e r b p a t t e r n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 6 ) u s a g e n o t e s a n d l a n g u a g e n o t e s U s a g e n o t e s e x p l a i n t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w o r d s o f s i m i l a r m e a n i n g s ; d i f f i c u l t p o i n t s o f g r a m m a r / p > / d i v > / d i v > d i v c l a s s = " m o r e - b o e " b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > d i v c l a s s = " r e a d _ m o r e _ m a s k " b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > / d i v >。
英语词汇学课件chapter 8 Meaning and Context
(1) They saw her duck. (2) The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity, e.g.
Chapter 8
Meaning and Context
Context refers to the words around a word, phrase etc., often used for helping to explain the meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
behavior.
(2) become + pron. /n (used as object), meaning ‘suit, befit’, e.g. 1) This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position. 2) Sarcasm doesn’t become you.
Context is of great importance for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the whole speech situation as well. Meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning. This chapter will discuss the relationship between meaning and context and the ways in which context affects the meaning of words.
张维友英语词汇学教程第八章课本
张维友英语词汇学教程第八章课本词汇，又称语汇，是一种语言里所有的（或特定范围的）词和固定短语的总和。
词汇是构建语言的材料，学好词汇是学好英语的关键。
词汇教学一直是英语教学中令教师最为头痛的一个难题。
为帮助教师搞好词汇教学，下面介绍几种词汇教学方法。
利用标音规则教学单词英语属于拼音文字，拼读和拼写是密不可分的，它们之间的联系就是规则。
拼读规则是学习英语的拐杖，是学生认读词汇的金钥匙。
教师应帮助学生通过大量的拼读练习，发现和掌握元音字母和辅音字母在单词中的读音规律，常见字母组合的拼读规则，使学生按有关规律和规则推断单词的读音。
反之，从单词的读音可判断其拼写形式，养成见到单词会读音、听到语音会写词的能力。
在语境中教学单词词语要放在语境中才有生命，才容易记住，才知道用法。
如果没有一定的语境，任何词汇将变得没有意义。
语境包括句子、语篇和上下文。
如：教water这个词，呈现以下的句子。
i’m very thirsty. i want to drink some water. 2、the flowers are dry.i must water them everyday. 从语境中使学生知道第1句中的water是名词“水”，第2句中的是动词“浇水”的意思，从而掌握water 不同的词性和用法。
用构词法教学单词英语主要有三种构词法：转变，即为由一个词类转变为另一个词类。
比如：water 水（名词）―― water 浇水（动词）train火车 (名词) _____ train训练 (动词)open 开(动词) _____ open开着的(形容词)衍生，即为词根加前缀或后缀形成另一个词。
比如：（1）happy――unhappy ―― happiness（2）possible―― impossiblelike____ dislike3、合成，即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。
例如：（1） suit+case= suitcase(2)good +looking= good-looking(3)out+side= outsidein+side= inside(4)make+up= makeup(化妆品)四、用联想法教学单词M18x法就是所指从崭新单词与段小宇的单词之间的联系抓起，将词汇按一定的关系放到一起，同时记忆。
新编英语词汇学教程 第二版 Chapter 8 Words in Action
Chapter 8
Words in Action
CONTENT
1 Varieties of Englis
3
Words in the mind
Varieties of English words
8.1 Varieties of English words
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit8
A. Grammatical Meaning:
1. Word-class/ part of speech
girl (singular)– girls (plural) The dog bit the man. (SVO) modern (a.) modernize (v.) modernization (n.)
2) Morphological motivation: (form)
shoe-maker flat-foot night-cap sweet-tooth
8
这些汉字啥意思？
孬 甭 嫑 歪 忈
9
槑 奤 覅 奣 氼
嘦 勥 巭 恏 兲
10
3) Semantic motivation: (meaning)
16
3. Social/ Stylistic Meaning:
（ 社会/ 文体意义）
The appropriateness of language finds its way in the following aspects: 1) The social relationship between Speakers and correspondents; 2) The specific occasion; 3) The subject matter; 4) The mode of discourse.
17
The Five Clocks- Martin Joos (1967)
1) frozen style 2) formal style 3) consultative style 4) casual style 5) intimate style
Note: None of these style is better than any other; appropriateness is the key to the good use of the various styles.
Chapter-8--English-Idioms-英语词汇学-教学课件
Stylistic Features
❖ idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms and slang, therefore inappropriate for formal style. Occasionally, we find idioms which are extremely formal and used only in frozen style.
Idiomaticity
❖ The fixity of idioms depends on the idiomaticity. The more idiomatic the idioms, the more fixed the structure.
❖ Many of the idioms of the lower scale do allow some changes.
❖ In between we have idioms like turn over a new leaf, as cool as a cucumber and draw the curtain , whose meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constituents but are themselves explicit.
colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs, etc ❖ This chapter will deal with idioms in terms of their characteristics, classification and uses.
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language
英语词汇学_完整版
Qin jianping
Chapter one Language,
and Lexicology
Step 1
Linguistics
Discuss: What is lexicology and why do we need to study it? a. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. It aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures, semantic structures, relations, formation and usages. It is a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical course.
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 4
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
“英语词汇学”课件7-10章剖析
Chapter 9 English Idioms
• Expressions that are not readily understandable from the literal meanings of individual elements. (set phrases and sort sentences)
• 2) help define referents • This/that, now/then, etc.
• 3) provide clues for inferring word-meaning
• example:
• Kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird-whistell.
communism.human
rights)
and
psychological
reason(garbage
collectorsanitation engineer)
2) Linguistic factors
(1)Internal factors cause the change gold medal- gold; light bulb bulb (2) Influence of alien words Deerrefers to animal, but “animal”from
2) Specialization/narrowing (缩小）
Originally, they mean: garage-安全的地方 poison- 饮料 hospital- 休息娱乐场所
3) Elevation （升格）
a. 贬义/中性义-- 褒义（或高级别） Marshall--马夫-元帅 Executive一般执行者-行政官员
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
Unit 1 英语词汇概说
1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。 ---英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins)
《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology
理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及 词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、 成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识； 2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变 过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现 的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。
英谷物不是干货heartman换心人不是有心人maddoctor精神病科医生不是发疯的医生eleventhhour最后时刻不是十一点blinddate由第三者安排的男女初次会面并非盲目约会或瞎约会personalremark人身攻击不是个人评论sweetwater淡水不是糖水或甜水confidenceman骗子不是信得过的人criminallawyer刑事律师不是犯罪的律师servicestation加油站不是服务站restroom厕所不是休息室dressingroom化妆室不是试衣室或更衣室horsesense常识不是马的感觉capitalidea好主意不是资本主义思想familiartalk庸俗的交谈不是熟悉的谈话blacktea红茶不是黑茶blackart妖术不是黑色艺术blackstranger完全陌生的人不是陌生的黑人whitecoal作动力来源用的水不是白煤whiteman忠实可靠的人不是皮肤白的人yellowbook黄皮书法国政府报告书以黄纸为封不是黄色书籍redtape官僚习气不是红色带子greenhand新手不是绿手bluestocking女学者女才子不是蓝色长统袜chinapolicy对华政策不是中国政策chinesedragon麒麟不是中国龙americanbeauty一种玫瑰名为美国丽人不是美国美女englishdisease软骨病不是英国病indiansummer愉快宁静的晚年不是印度的夏日greekgift害人的礼品不是希腊礼物spanishathlete吹牛的人不是西班牙运动员fren Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary?
英语词汇学 第八章
Chapter 8
Meaning and context
词义和语境
.
8.1 Types of Context 语境的类型
❖ In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. 从狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所 在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言语境, 可 以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。
.
❖ 3) Example.举例 ❖ In some cases, instead of giving a formal
.
❖ 2) Explanation. 诠释 ❖ If the concept is complicated and must
involve technical terms in its definition, the author might explain the idea in simple words. That is, he might make a restatement in known words. 如果概念很复杂，而且在其定义中必须涉及 术语，作者应用简单词汇来解释这个概念。 也就是说，他应用常见的单词来重新陈述 。
.
8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context非语言语境
❖ When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context , hardly aware of the non- linguistic context situation, which can often exercise greater influence on the meaning of words than we realize. 当我们谈到语境时，我们通常 想到语言语境，很少意识到非语言语境，非 语言语境对词义施加的影响比我们想象的要 大。
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Readings Task VII Check
• Chapter 4 of A Survey of English Lexicology • Key points in the book will be discussed next week
Lecture VIII
Word Building – Other Ways
Back-formation
• Examples – edit from editor – automate from automation – enthuse from enthusiasm – gloom from gloomy – donate from donation – brainwash from brainwashing – sleep-walk from sleep-walking
Lecture VIII Word Building – Other Ways
1. Back-formation 2. Shortening
• • • • Clippings Initialisms Acronyms Blendings
3. Imitation 4. Analogy 5. Conclusion
English Lexicology
Review of Lecture VII
1. Compounding: definition 2. Compounding: classification Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds 3. Meaning relationship
Shortening: Acronyms
Examples: laser: Light-wave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation sars: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome TEFL: Teaching English as a Foreign Language UNESCO: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization More examples: AIDS
Imitation
New words are sometimes formed by imitation of sound. The repetition of words: e.g. quack-quack; The repetition of words with a vowel change: e.g. ticktack, ping-pong.
Analogy
More examples:
blue-collar workers → white-collar workers, gray-collar workers, pink-collar workers, gold-collar workers environmental pollution → visual or eye pollution, noise pollution, cultural pollution, graffiti pollution First Family → First Lady, First Dog Landscape → moonscape, marscape Bird’s eye → fish’s eye, worm’s eye, cat’s eye
Shortening: Acronyms
TOEFL ROM NATO FIFA Aids radar FIBA
Test of English as a foreign language read only memory
The North Atlantic Treaty organization
Fé ration Internationale de Football Association dé Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome Radio detecting and ranging Fé ration Internationale de Basket-ball Amateur dé
Shortening: Clippings
More examples:
ad = advertisement Expo = exposition phone = telephone pro = professional memo = memorandum tec = detective heli or copter = helicopter comfy = comfortable
Back-formation
There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation: (1) object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing); (2) adverbial + verb, as darkle (from darkling). Back-formations of all kinds, are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.
Shortening: Initialisms
Examples: e.g. IOC (International Olympic Committee) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) ISBN (International Standard Book Number) CAD (computer assisted design) TB (tuberculosis)
Shortening: Initialisms
• • • • • • • • • • • • CPU DIY CEO IT AI SOS IDD GMT VIP P.S. a.m. p.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • central processing unit do it yourself Chief Executive Officer Information technology artificial intelligence Save our ship international direct dial Greenwich Mean Time very important person postscript ante meridiem post meridiem
Shortening: Initialisms
Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. An initialism is pronounced letter by letter.
Shortening: Blendings
Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.
Shortening: Blendings
sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawk science＋fiction high＋fidelity work＋alcoholic stagnation＋inflation United ＋ Communications situation＋comedy motor＋hotel dove＋hawk
Shortening: Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.
Analogy
Analogy is the process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the language. e.g. marathon → telethon, talkathon
Shortening: Clippings
• • • • • • • • • • gymnasium dormitory handkerchief gasoline kilogram influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab • • • • • • • • • • gym dorm hanky gas kilo flu biz chute fridge taxi or cab
Shortening: Blendings
• Examples