英语中的性别歧视现象
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中国的研究现状: 从21世纪开始越来越多人开始关注语言(特别是英语)中性别歧 视的情况。
1、白解红. 性别语言文化与语用研究[M]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000。 2、陈桦. 词汇中性别歧视之探索[D].西南师范大学优秀硕博论文, 2005。 3、贺友龄. 汉字与文化[M]. 北京:警官教育出版社,1999。 4、 宋红波. 英汉语中的性别歧视及其改革[D] 华中师范大学优秀硕博论文, 2002。 5、孙汝建. 性别与语言[M]. 南京:江苏教育出版社,2001。 6、王玲. 英语中的性别歧视及其社会内涵[D]. 江西师范大学优秀硕博论文, 2004。 7、王锡芬. 英语性别语言研究[D]. 广西大学优秀硕博论文,2004。 8、王曰珠. 汉英谚语中共存的女性歧视现象及其原因[J]. 安徽大学学报, 2000(6)。 9、徐敏. 英语中的性别歧视[D]. 湖南大学优秀硕博论文,2001。 10、胡志清. 如何避免英语性别歧视语言,中国英语教学[M]. 北京:外语教 学与研究出版社, 2004 11、 秦秀白. 英语中的性别歧视现象的历时文化研究透视[J], 现代外 语.1996:35 12、徐敏. 英语中的性别歧视,湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2001
Sexism or gender discrimination is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. Sexism affects men and women, but especially women. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster sexual harassment, rape and other forms of sexual violence. Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a common social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language. This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking.
3)以man结尾、含有man的复合词及派生词。这一类词泛指男 女两性,但从表述效果来看,对于男女性别指代往往不是很清 晰,甚至仅仅向读者或听众传递男性形象。 在英语词汇中,有很多含有 man 的复合词及派生词,均带有明 显的性别歧视色彩。这一类词主要有 man-kind 、 man-made 、 freshman、manhood、manly、to man、man hours、manpower 等等。 最典型的:businessman, chairman, policeman.
Sexism in language exists when language devalues members of a certain gender. Sexist language in many instances promotes male superiority. Why? History and Society! In various ancient societies, especially the Stone Age, women held many equal positions with men. Women in Ancient Egypt and women of the Anglo-Saxon era were also commonly afforded equal status. Evidence, however, is lacking to support the idea that many pre-agricultural societies afforded women a higher status than women today. After the adoption of agriculture and sedentary cultures, the concept that one gender was inferior to the other was established; most often this was imposed upon women and girls. Examples of sexism in the ancient world include written laws preventing women from participating in the political process. Women in ancient Rome could not vote or hold political office.
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Now: Sexist and gender-neutral language Various feminist movements in the 20th century, from liberal feminism and radical feminism to standpoint feminism, postmodern feminism and queer theory have all considered language in their theorizing. Most of these theories have maintained a critical stance on language that calls for a change in the way speakers use their language. One of the most common calls is for gender-neutral language. Many have called attention, however, to the fact that the English language isn't inherently sexist in its linguistic system, but rather the way it is used becomes sexist and genderneutral language could thus be employed. At the same time, other oppose critiques of sexism in language with explanations that language is a descriptive, rather than prescriptive, and attempts to control it can be fruitless.
方法一 文献研究: Bible 创世纪第二章第二十二与二十三节 耶和华神就用那人身上所取的肋骨,造成一个女人,领她到 那人跟前。 And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man. 那人说,这是我骨中的骨,肉中的肉,可以称她为女人,因 为她是从男人身上取出来的。 And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. 1)夏娃附属于亚当;女人附属于男人。 2)圣经把上帝(God)男性化,称之为almighty Father,heavenly king,Lord和the Lord God等称耶稣基督(JesusChrist)为 SonofGod,而非Daughter of God。
方法二:个案分析: 1)提到男女双方时,双方不是处于平等地位,而是男先女后。 King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise. 2)一些形式上没有男性标志的词意,人们习惯上把它们当作是 男性词看待。 英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性,当我们听到有人说:My cousin is a professor 时,多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说 明这些词是女性的,一般可在前面加上 woman, lady, female 等 修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等,这些 所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业 为男子所垄断,相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一 般认为是女性,如为男性时前面要加上 male 或是 man, 如 :male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关,也可以说 是一种社会偏见。
在学习生活中,学校和教师在长期的语言习得、文化传授 教学过程中都是偏向于中性表达法的。大家对于英语语言的性 别歧视观念十分模糊。而在大学更深入的英语学习中,该问题 在交流运用书写中大量涉及,不容忽视。此论题改变了大家对 女性的否定态度和在语言的改革方面起到了重要的推进作用。 有利于大家在英语学习中 , 规范自己的语言 , 在使用上尽量避免 带有性别偏见的语句。让大家在今后的英语学习生活与交流中 能够规避掉一些不必要的麻烦。
在社会生活中,语言对男女不同的性别一视同仁,它本身 是没有性别歧视的,但使用者赋予它们性别色彩,并扣上“男 尊女卑”的帽子。语言作为社会的一面镜子和一种社交工具, 它的使用不可避免反映了人们的社会观念和社会风俗。丹麦语 言学家Jesperson早在1923年出版的《语言与结构》一书中就指 出:“英语是他所熟悉的所有语言中最男性化的语言”。 [1]P121所以在社会发展日新月异,提倡男女平等的今天,此论 题能够归纳出英语中常用或常出现的,而人们不自知的关于性 别歧视习惯用法。此举,有利于大家了解女权运动后英语中出 现的新词、新用法,了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态,有 意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,也能够在一定程度上推进英 语使用的规范化和与时俱进。
4 )英语中有一些以 -ess , ette , rix 和 enne 等阴性词缀结尾, 如 Actress、Authoress、Suffregatte、Usherette、Administratrix、 aviatrix、Comedienne,他们往往含有微不足道、无足轻重或卑 微低下的含义