混合动力汽车技术概述

Series
Battery
Engine Generator
Fuel Cell
Electric Motor
Full Hybrid
Electric Vehicle Range extender Series Hybrid
Fuel Cell
Key Features of Hybrids, or How Do They Do It?
Great Potential
• HEVs have demonstrated significant potential to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions
• Advances in battery, power electronics technologies have made commercialization possible
Ford Escape
GM 800 Utilities
216V Toyota Prius 201.6V
NiMH
Toyota Alphard Toyota Prius
Lexus RX400h
Battery Voltage (V)
Honda Insight
36V
2000
Honda Civic
Pb
Toyota Crown 2002
14%
21%
24%
29%
29%
10
20
30
40
Selecting the Right Application is Critical for HD Hybrid Success
Understanding a vehicle’s duty cycle is essential to know if a hybrid makes sense
cells) • Multiple fuels (including hydrogen)
Series
Parallel
Current and Future Light Duty HEVs with Battery Voltage and Chemistry
346V
Li-ion
Nissan Tino
300V 273.6V
An Overview of Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
Robert P. Larsen, Director Center for Transportation Research
Washington Day 2004
February 9, 2004
Hybrid Vehicle Technologies Hold Great Potential but Face Barriers
– By hybrid vehicle type – By application – By driving cycle
Hybrid Powertrain Topology
Conventional
Engine
Micro Hybrid Mild Hybrid
Parallel
Battery
Electric Motor
Tank
Wheel
Average 2003 Car
1999 Prius
79% 79%
18% 百度文库7%
2003 Prius
79%
31%
2004 Prius with HSD
79%
37%
Commercial
58%
FCHV
Natural gas-H2
50%
Based on US-market fuels and US 0 combined fuel economy Source: Toyota
Hybrids Can Have Multiple Configurations
Parallel
Power Split
Series (fuel cell)
Starter-Alternator
Graphics: Toyota Motor Corporation
What Are Key Characteristics of HEV Configurations?
• Control the engine or primary power source to operate more efficiently and/or work more often in a more efficient range
Other vehicle modifications applied to hybrids like aerodynamic improvements, low rolling resistance tires can be applied to CVs too
Honda Accord
Pb
Saturn Vue Pb
GMC Sierra 2004
Dodge Ram 2006
2007
WTW Efficiencies of Hybrids Impressive
Well-To- Tank-To- Overall Well-to-Wheel Efficiency (%)
• 2- and 4-Wheel Drive • Mechanical complexity • Range of system voltages, battery
chemistries, electric complexity • Sophisticated control strategies • Multiple driving modes • Multiple prime movers (engines, fuel
• Performance is generally as good as or better than CVs
Real Barriers
• Extra complexity adds significant cost • Fuel efficiency improvements will vary
Hybrids achieve improved efficiencies using several approaches:
• Employ regenerative braking to recover energy that is thrown away
• Downsize or “right-size” the engine or primary power source