英美文学要点中英文对照版

Part one: English Literature
Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴
1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the
measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature
and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best
representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.
莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四
行诗引进英国。

6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.
英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of
language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter,
rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the
emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe,
William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。

9.Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是
英国历史上最重要的散文家。

(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
10.the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more
romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11.It is Spenser‟s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make
him known as “the poets‟ poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美
优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。

(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛
12.As the most gifted of the “University Wits,” Marlowe composed six plays within
his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。

其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。

13.Marlowe‟s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made
it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。

14.Marlowe‟s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English
drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15.His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of
English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。

16.The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘
This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English
literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚
17.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts
I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love‟s Labour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV,
Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The
Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。

19.Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark
comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，
《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。

两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20.The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle romantic
tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。

他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。

21.Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这
些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。

22.Shakespeare‟s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national
unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。

23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love
and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24.The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the
faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。

25.Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.
They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》
26.“The King‟s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the
nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。

27.Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he
can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。

28.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and
should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。

29.Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没
有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。

30.Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic
point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。

31.Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗
第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根
32.The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning,
Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The
Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》（用英文著述）《新工具》（是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版）33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the
knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种：一种是通过神的启示获得的知识，另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34.According to Bacon, man‟s understanding consists of three parts: history to man‟s
memory, poetry to man‟s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man‟s
reason.培根认为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：基于人类回忆的历史学，基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。

35.Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth
about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

36.Bacon‟s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根
的散文以简洁，紧凑，有力度而著名。

37.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and
cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故，隐喻和基调。

38.Of Studies 论学习
Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智。

(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩
39.The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取
的。

40.His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly
unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。

41.The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of
his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42.In his gloomy poem “Farewell to love,” we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的
诗作《告别爱情》中，我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。

43.With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.
议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首诗作。

(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿
44.he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑
中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。

ton‟s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic
works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。

ton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained,
and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。

47.The theme of Paradise Lost is the “Fall of Man”. In the fall of man Adam
discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。

在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

ton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝
是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。

49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of
God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。

50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton‟s passionate
longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。

51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great
prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52.Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主
义革命失败的原因。

Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义
1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期
是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the
Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。

3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern
philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of
any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became
a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教
与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like
John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley
Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of
interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。

8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and
accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充
满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.
在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。

11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two
lines); the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed;
regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。

12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. (套话)但新古典
主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form,
unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary
form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding,
Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。

16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of
interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from
society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic. 从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。

17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐
怖神秘的故事。

18.Jonathan Swift‟s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of
satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.
斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。

(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬
19.As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly
believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。

20.he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of
reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。

21.Bunyan‟s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life
and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim‟s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部
22.The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选《天路历程》第一部）
The Pilgrim‟s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。

它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。

(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯
23.Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal
battles he developed a style of biting satire. 蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。

24.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order,
aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学
秩序。

这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism
in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock
epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。

次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。

26.Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism,
emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order,
reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. 蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。

27.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth,
graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
28.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought
him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is
universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。

30.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class
and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。

31.Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32.His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and
rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33.His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易
懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。

34.There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语
言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。

35.Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts. 《鲁宾逊漂流记》：
整部小说分为三个部分
The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly
against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.
其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。

在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特
36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning,
A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a
satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。

这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。

37.Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫
特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. To better
human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。

39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve
human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。

40.His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的
建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。

41.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文
作家。

42.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, simple,
concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。

无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43.Swift‟s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The
Drapier‟s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver‟s Travels and A Modest
Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44.Gulliver‟s Travels: Jonathan‟s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its
social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. 《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。

(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁
45.During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of
forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of
Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最
有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。

47.a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature.
“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。

48.The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely
entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。

49.“The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The
History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”
的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。

50.The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature. 费尔
丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。

51.the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel
was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。

52.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel,” for his
contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53.he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a
“comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。

54.He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their
external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55.Fielding …s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and
vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his
structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。

56.Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he
became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，
同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The panoramic view it
provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。

(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
58.The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so
on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。

59.In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of
the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。

60.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different
branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61.His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”; a
romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia; a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。

62.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first
English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。

63.Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

64.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and
phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。

65.Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very
learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。

(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹
66.The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal,
which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他大发其财。

67.His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally
regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造
谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。

68.In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。

69.The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical
Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles. It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the
eighteenth-century England. No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare. 《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。

戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。

《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。

毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。

(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
70.he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂
冠奖。

71.In contrast to those professional writers, Gray‟s literary output was small.与其余
专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。

72.His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751.
The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。

73.His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite
cat” and so on. (Ode:….赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫之死》等等。

74.A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully,
painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。

75.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray‟s best and most
representative work. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的。