1内膜系统(1)
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(1) the endomembrane system(内膜系统)
ER (内质网), Golgi complex(高尔基复合体); endosomes(胞内体)、Lysosome(溶酶体)、植物液泡 secretory vesicles(分泌泡) (2) mitochondria (线粒体), chloroplasts(叶绿体), and the nucleus (细胞核)
of reactions in which water-insoluble drugs or metabolites that would otherwise accumulate to toxic levels in cell membranes are rendered sufficiently water-soluble to leave the cell and be excreted in the urine.
(1) sER功能
• Detoxification (解毒) • Sequestering calcium(储钙)-信号传递,肌
肉收缩等
• 脂类合成 • 合成类固醇激素,如皮质醇、雌二醇、睾酮。
肾上腺细胞、睾丸间质细胞、卵巢黄体细胞等,
sER丰富,以胆固醇为原料,转化为激素。
• 肝细胞内质网上, Glucose 6-phosphatase(6-磷酸葡 萄糖酶) :催化6-磷酸葡萄糖水解生成葡萄糖+磷酸,
体和内质网等同看待。
Microsomes retain activity during
purification, allowing studies of ER function and composition.
2 肌质网(sarcoplasmic reticulum):心肌和骨骼肌细胞
中的特殊内质网,参与肌肉收缩。肌质网上的Ca2+ATPase 将胞质中的钙泵入肌质网中储存,神经冲动时 释放Ca2+,调节肌肉收缩活动。
溶酶体
Endocytic pathway from the plasma membrane to lysosomes
A model for lysosome maturation, there is no real distinction between endolysosomes and lysosomes except in different stages of the cycle.
储钙(Ca库)
ER膜上的Ca2+-ATPase将细胞基质中的钙泵入 细胞ER中储存起来,使内质网腔中钙离子浓度 高达3mM
sER调节Ca2+浓度对骨骼肌细胞的收缩有重 要调节作用
—Ca2+浓度对ER以出芽形式形成运输小泡有重要 调节作用。
脂类的合成
sER合成构成细胞所需的绝大多数膜脂(甘油磷脂和胆固醇)
第三章 内膜系统与蛋白质分选、 膜泡运输
一、真核细胞内的膜被细胞器 及其功能 -分室化
二、蛋白质的分选(protein sorting)及定向转运 膜泡运输 跨膜运输 核孔运输
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Part I. The Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells
❖Membranes divide the cytoplasm (细胞质) of eukaryotic cells into distinct compartments.
透射电镜下的 胰腺腺泡细胞 中的粗面内质 网
扫描电镜下胰腺 腺泡细胞中的粗 面内质网
两种特殊类型的内质网
1 微粒体(microsomes):体外实验中,细胞匀浆和差
速离心得到的由分离的内质网自我融合形成的近似球
形的囊泡结构,体外仍具有蛋白质合成、蛋白糖基化等 内质网的基本功能。因此,在生化或功能研究中常常把微粒
The core of the translocator, called the Sec61 complex.
secretory vesicles.
(结构、功能乃至发生上相关的,由膜围绕成的细胞
器或细胞结构。它们的膜是相互流动的,处于动态
平衡,功能上也相互协同。主要包括内质网、高 尔基体、溶酶体、胞内体和分泌泡等。)
肝脏细胞电镜照片
Endosome: two types of membranebounded organells in animal cells . Early endosomes (早期胞内体), which bud off from the plasma membrane during endocytosis. Late endosomes(晚期胞内体), which have an acidic internal pH and function in sorting of proteins to lysosomes.
将葡萄糖释放到血液中。
解毒作用-肝细胞
肝细胞sER很丰富,含一些酶用以清除脂溶性药物和 代谢产生的有害物质
• 多数解毒反应与氧化作用有关,核心成员细胞色素 P450多功能氧化酶是肝细胞sER上的主要膜整合蛋 白(20%),作用下将有毒底物带上-OH 羟基,增水 溶性,进入尿液排出体外。
• Cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which catalyze a series
微粒体
(microsome: Small vesicle derived from endoplasmic reticulum that is produced by fragmentation when cells are homogenized.)
Isolation of a microsomal fraction by differentail centrifugation (差速离心)
•磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂)的合成 脂酰辅酶+3-甘油 (细胞质基质)
酰基转移酶
磷脂酸
磷酸酶 二酰基甘油
(ER膜上)
胆碱磷酸转移酶 磷脂酰胆碱
磷脂转位因子(phospholipid translocator)/转位酶(flippase)
合成的磷脂转向 (内质网腔面)
出芽 磷脂转换蛋白-PEP(水溶性载体蛋白)转移磷脂
内质网:易位子(translocon/translocator) rER膜上的一种蛋白复合体,中心一个直径2nm的 “孔道”,与新合成的多肽进入ER有关.
ribosome
Form a water-filled channel in the ER membrane in which the polypeptide chain passes.
(3) the cytosol(胞质溶胶)/细胞质基质.
Endomembrane System (内膜系统)
Functionally and structurally interrelated
group of membranous cytoplasmic organelles including ER, Golgi complex, lysosome, endosomes,
The endocytic pathway from the plasma membrane to lysosome.
❖区别: Several other membranous organelles of the cytoplasm-mitochondria, peroxisomes, chloroplasts-are not part of this interconnected system. (其发生增殖 过程相似,从已有的经分裂形成子代。)
The use of GFP reveals the movement of proteins within a living cell.
Cultured cells were transfected with a hybrid gene encoding the viral membrane glycoprotein VSVG protein linked to the gene gfp
In general, the smaller the subcellular component, the greater is centrifugal force required to sediment it.
1000g, 10min
20,000g 20min 80,000g +1 hour microsome 150,000g for 3 hrs
Mitochondria arise from preexisting mitochondria by a process called fission.
A few approaches to the study of cytomembranes
(细胞膜系统的几种研究方法)
❖autoradiography(放射自显影) ❖GFP(绿色荧光蛋白) ❖biochemical analysis of subcellular fractions(亚细胞结构的生化分析);
ER→other organelles (including Mit., Chl., 过氧化物酶体)
(2) rER的功能:蛋白质合成
rER膜上有称作translocon的蛋白复合体“通道”,
蛋白多肽链边延伸边穿过rER膜入内质网腔继续合成, 合成的蛋白有:
分泌性蛋白(secretory proteins)
核、线粒体、 未破碎的细胞
microsome
4.1 内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)
Liver cell: rER
sER
粗面内质网 rER 膜表面分布大量核糖体 多扁囊状,排列较整齐 合成分泌性蛋白及内膜系统
细胞器膜蛋白
光面内质网 sER
表面无核糖体结合,所占区域
较小。常分支管状, 只作为ER连续结构的一部分; 脂质合成的重要场所
高尔基体
线粒体膜上
溶酶体
过氧化物酶体膜上
质膜
Most membrane lipids are synthesized entirely
within the ER
运输方式之 Transport by budding:ER→Golgi、溶酶体、 质膜
运输方式之 Transport by
phospholipid exchange proteins (磷脂转换蛋 白,PEP):
eg.胰腺细胞分泌的酶、浆细胞分泌的抗体、内分泌腺分泌的 多肽类激素及胞外基质成分
多种膜整合蛋白(integral membrane proteins)
eg. 质膜、ER. Golgi. 溶酶体上的膜蛋白
内膜系统细胞器中的可溶性蛋白 eg. 溶酶体/植物
液泡中的酸性水解酶类& ER. Golgi. 胞内体中固有的蛋白)
Biochemical analysis of subsellular fractions-cell fractonation
Isolation of a microsomal fraction by differentail centrifugation (差速离心)
20,000g 20min
50,000g 2hrs
Secretory granule
A section of a pancreatic acinar cell (胰腺腺泡细胞) that had been incubated for 3 min in radioactive amino acids and then immediately fixed and prepared for autoradiography
放射自显影与电镜技术
Autoradiography reveals the sites of synthesis and subsequent transport of secretory protens
A sequence of autoradiographs(放射自显影) showing the movement of labeled secretory protein( silver grains in red) through a pancreatic acinar cell.
ER (内质网), Golgi complex(高尔基复合体); endosomes(胞内体)、Lysosome(溶酶体)、植物液泡 secretory vesicles(分泌泡) (2) mitochondria (线粒体), chloroplasts(叶绿体), and the nucleus (细胞核)
of reactions in which water-insoluble drugs or metabolites that would otherwise accumulate to toxic levels in cell membranes are rendered sufficiently water-soluble to leave the cell and be excreted in the urine.
(1) sER功能
• Detoxification (解毒) • Sequestering calcium(储钙)-信号传递,肌
肉收缩等
• 脂类合成 • 合成类固醇激素,如皮质醇、雌二醇、睾酮。
肾上腺细胞、睾丸间质细胞、卵巢黄体细胞等,
sER丰富,以胆固醇为原料,转化为激素。
• 肝细胞内质网上, Glucose 6-phosphatase(6-磷酸葡 萄糖酶) :催化6-磷酸葡萄糖水解生成葡萄糖+磷酸,
体和内质网等同看待。
Microsomes retain activity during
purification, allowing studies of ER function and composition.
2 肌质网(sarcoplasmic reticulum):心肌和骨骼肌细胞
中的特殊内质网,参与肌肉收缩。肌质网上的Ca2+ATPase 将胞质中的钙泵入肌质网中储存,神经冲动时 释放Ca2+,调节肌肉收缩活动。
溶酶体
Endocytic pathway from the plasma membrane to lysosomes
A model for lysosome maturation, there is no real distinction between endolysosomes and lysosomes except in different stages of the cycle.
储钙(Ca库)
ER膜上的Ca2+-ATPase将细胞基质中的钙泵入 细胞ER中储存起来,使内质网腔中钙离子浓度 高达3mM
sER调节Ca2+浓度对骨骼肌细胞的收缩有重 要调节作用
—Ca2+浓度对ER以出芽形式形成运输小泡有重要 调节作用。
脂类的合成
sER合成构成细胞所需的绝大多数膜脂(甘油磷脂和胆固醇)
第三章 内膜系统与蛋白质分选、 膜泡运输
一、真核细胞内的膜被细胞器 及其功能 -分室化
二、蛋白质的分选(protein sorting)及定向转运 膜泡运输 跨膜运输 核孔运输
Fra Baidu bibliotek
Part I. The Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells
❖Membranes divide the cytoplasm (细胞质) of eukaryotic cells into distinct compartments.
透射电镜下的 胰腺腺泡细胞 中的粗面内质 网
扫描电镜下胰腺 腺泡细胞中的粗 面内质网
两种特殊类型的内质网
1 微粒体(microsomes):体外实验中,细胞匀浆和差
速离心得到的由分离的内质网自我融合形成的近似球
形的囊泡结构,体外仍具有蛋白质合成、蛋白糖基化等 内质网的基本功能。因此,在生化或功能研究中常常把微粒
The core of the translocator, called the Sec61 complex.
secretory vesicles.
(结构、功能乃至发生上相关的,由膜围绕成的细胞
器或细胞结构。它们的膜是相互流动的,处于动态
平衡,功能上也相互协同。主要包括内质网、高 尔基体、溶酶体、胞内体和分泌泡等。)
肝脏细胞电镜照片
Endosome: two types of membranebounded organells in animal cells . Early endosomes (早期胞内体), which bud off from the plasma membrane during endocytosis. Late endosomes(晚期胞内体), which have an acidic internal pH and function in sorting of proteins to lysosomes.
将葡萄糖释放到血液中。
解毒作用-肝细胞
肝细胞sER很丰富,含一些酶用以清除脂溶性药物和 代谢产生的有害物质
• 多数解毒反应与氧化作用有关,核心成员细胞色素 P450多功能氧化酶是肝细胞sER上的主要膜整合蛋 白(20%),作用下将有毒底物带上-OH 羟基,增水 溶性,进入尿液排出体外。
• Cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which catalyze a series
微粒体
(microsome: Small vesicle derived from endoplasmic reticulum that is produced by fragmentation when cells are homogenized.)
Isolation of a microsomal fraction by differentail centrifugation (差速离心)
•磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂)的合成 脂酰辅酶+3-甘油 (细胞质基质)
酰基转移酶
磷脂酸
磷酸酶 二酰基甘油
(ER膜上)
胆碱磷酸转移酶 磷脂酰胆碱
磷脂转位因子(phospholipid translocator)/转位酶(flippase)
合成的磷脂转向 (内质网腔面)
出芽 磷脂转换蛋白-PEP(水溶性载体蛋白)转移磷脂
内质网:易位子(translocon/translocator) rER膜上的一种蛋白复合体,中心一个直径2nm的 “孔道”,与新合成的多肽进入ER有关.
ribosome
Form a water-filled channel in the ER membrane in which the polypeptide chain passes.
(3) the cytosol(胞质溶胶)/细胞质基质.
Endomembrane System (内膜系统)
Functionally and structurally interrelated
group of membranous cytoplasmic organelles including ER, Golgi complex, lysosome, endosomes,
The endocytic pathway from the plasma membrane to lysosome.
❖区别: Several other membranous organelles of the cytoplasm-mitochondria, peroxisomes, chloroplasts-are not part of this interconnected system. (其发生增殖 过程相似,从已有的经分裂形成子代。)
The use of GFP reveals the movement of proteins within a living cell.
Cultured cells were transfected with a hybrid gene encoding the viral membrane glycoprotein VSVG protein linked to the gene gfp
In general, the smaller the subcellular component, the greater is centrifugal force required to sediment it.
1000g, 10min
20,000g 20min 80,000g +1 hour microsome 150,000g for 3 hrs
Mitochondria arise from preexisting mitochondria by a process called fission.
A few approaches to the study of cytomembranes
(细胞膜系统的几种研究方法)
❖autoradiography(放射自显影) ❖GFP(绿色荧光蛋白) ❖biochemical analysis of subcellular fractions(亚细胞结构的生化分析);
ER→other organelles (including Mit., Chl., 过氧化物酶体)
(2) rER的功能:蛋白质合成
rER膜上有称作translocon的蛋白复合体“通道”,
蛋白多肽链边延伸边穿过rER膜入内质网腔继续合成, 合成的蛋白有:
分泌性蛋白(secretory proteins)
核、线粒体、 未破碎的细胞
microsome
4.1 内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)
Liver cell: rER
sER
粗面内质网 rER 膜表面分布大量核糖体 多扁囊状,排列较整齐 合成分泌性蛋白及内膜系统
细胞器膜蛋白
光面内质网 sER
表面无核糖体结合,所占区域
较小。常分支管状, 只作为ER连续结构的一部分; 脂质合成的重要场所
高尔基体
线粒体膜上
溶酶体
过氧化物酶体膜上
质膜
Most membrane lipids are synthesized entirely
within the ER
运输方式之 Transport by budding:ER→Golgi、溶酶体、 质膜
运输方式之 Transport by
phospholipid exchange proteins (磷脂转换蛋 白,PEP):
eg.胰腺细胞分泌的酶、浆细胞分泌的抗体、内分泌腺分泌的 多肽类激素及胞外基质成分
多种膜整合蛋白(integral membrane proteins)
eg. 质膜、ER. Golgi. 溶酶体上的膜蛋白
内膜系统细胞器中的可溶性蛋白 eg. 溶酶体/植物
液泡中的酸性水解酶类& ER. Golgi. 胞内体中固有的蛋白)
Biochemical analysis of subsellular fractions-cell fractonation
Isolation of a microsomal fraction by differentail centrifugation (差速离心)
20,000g 20min
50,000g 2hrs
Secretory granule
A section of a pancreatic acinar cell (胰腺腺泡细胞) that had been incubated for 3 min in radioactive amino acids and then immediately fixed and prepared for autoradiography
放射自显影与电镜技术
Autoradiography reveals the sites of synthesis and subsequent transport of secretory protens
A sequence of autoradiographs(放射自显影) showing the movement of labeled secretory protein( silver grains in red) through a pancreatic acinar cell.