Lecture5

4.3. Skopos Theory
Six Rules of Translation:
1.A translatum (or TT) is determined by its
skopos; 2. A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL. 3. A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way.
4.2. Translational Action
Interlingual transaltion is described as
„translational action from a source text” and as a communicative process involving a series of roles and players:
Operative
Appellative(ma king appeal to text receiver
Dialogue Appellativefocused
Language Dimension Text Focus TT should Translation method
Transmit Elicit desired aesthetic form response Identifying Adaptive method, adopt equivalent perspective of effect ST author
4.0.Introduction
The 1970s and 1980s saw a move away
from the static linguistic typologies of translation shifts and the emergence and flourishing in Germany of a a functionalist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation. We will look at:
4.3. Translational Action
The fidelity rule: merely states that there
must be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, more specifically, between:
4.3. Translational Action
4. A TT must be internally coherent.
5. A TT must be coherent with the ST. 6. The five rules above stand in hierarchical
4.1. Text Type
1.Plain communication of facts: information,
knowledge, opinions, etc. The language dimension used to transmit the information is logical or referential the content or „topic‟ is the main focus of the communication, and the text type is INFORMATIVE.
4.1. Text Type
4.AUDIOMEDIAL TEXTS, such as films
and visual and spoken advertisements which supplement the other three functions with visual images, musics, etc. This is Reiss‟s fourth type.
Assessment
1. Intralinguistic Criteria: semantic. Lexical,
grammatical and stylistic features; 2. Extralinguistic Criteria: situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and “affective implications” (humor, irony, emotion, etc.)
4.1. Text Type
2. Creative Composition: the author uses the
aesthetic dimension of language. The author or „sender‟ is foregrounded, as well as the form of the message, and the text type is EXPRESSIVE.
4.1. Text Type
3.Including behavioural responses: the aim
of the appellative function is to appeal to or persuade the reader or „receiver‟ of the text to act in a certain way. The form of language is dialogic, the focus is appellative and Reiss calls this text type OPERATIVE.
Katharina Reiss‟s early work on text type
and language function; Justa-Holz-Manttari‟s theory of translational action Hans Vermeer‟s Skopos theory which centered on the purpose of TT; Christiane Nord‟s more detailed textanalysis model continued the functionalist tradition in the 1990s.
The ST information received by the
translator; The interpretation the translator makes of this information; The inofrmation that is encoded for the TT receivers.
Logic Content-focused Transmit referential content Plain prose explicitation as required
Expressive
Expressive (expressing sender’s attitude)
Aesthetic Form-focused
4.2. Translational Action
The TT user: the person who uses the TT;
for example as teaching material or sales literature; The TT receiver: the final recipient of the TT, for example the students in a TT user‟s class or clients reading the translated sales literature.
VI. Functional Theories of Translation
Functional theories from Germany in the 1970s-1980s
mark a move away from static linguistic typologies. Reiss stresses equivalence at text level, linking language functions to text types and translation strategies. Holz-Manttari‟s theory of translational action: a communicative process involving a series of players. Vermeer‟s Skopos theory of translation theory of translation strategy depending on purpose of TT is expanded in Reiss and Vermeer.
4.2. Translational Action
The initiator: the company or individual
who needs the translation; The commissioner: the individual who contacts the translator; The ST producer: the individual within the company who writes the ST, not necessarily always involved in the TT production; The TT producer: the translator;
order, with the skopos rule predominating.
4.3. Translational Action
The coherence rule: states that the TT must
be interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver‟s situation. In other words, the TT must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge.CBiblioteka iticism on Skopos
1. What purports to be a „general‟ theory is
in fact is only valid for non-literary texts. Literary texts are considered either to have no specific purpose and / or to be far more complex stylistically. 2.Reiss‟s text type approach and Vermeer‟s skopos theory are in fact considering different functional phenomena and cannot be lumped together
Functional characteristics of text type and links to translation methods
Text Type
Language Function
Informative
Informative (representing objects and facts)