小鼠转基因的研究方法
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RNAi 方法降低Dcx 在大脑皮层的表达导致皮层 板层形成障碍
Mutations in DCX in humans cause malformation of the cerebral neocortex. Paradoxically, genetic deletion of Dcx in mice does not cause neocortical malformation. However,.… Technically, electroporation alone is enough for….
• 在体电转技术,可以在任何组织,任何时 期(发育和成年)进行LOF和GOF实验
– LOF:RNAi (virus-based, or vector-based) – GOF: Over-expressing what you want
• 依赖于稳定可靠的在体电转仪的出现
In vivo 电转的原理
• 部位:神经系统、肌肉、胃肠道、皮肤、心脏
肾脏、眼睛等等
实例一 神经细胞迁移
Ding YQ et al., Development, 2005
Misexpression of DCC induces ventral migration of spinal neurons
Ding YQ et al., Development, 2005
negative selection
1. HSV-tk:单纯疱疹病毒的胸腺嘧啶激酶基因,该基因产物
可分解单核苷酸类似物(ganciclovir)生成毒性产物,产生自 杀效果 同源重组时:Tk-基因丢失,ES细胞存活 随机整合时:Tk-基因存在,ES细胞死亡 2. DTA (diphtheria fragment A) : 不用给药
电转后GFP在大脑皮层的表达
Saito & Nakatsuji., Dev Bio, 2001
研究大脑皮层神经元产生迁移
Temporal and positional changes of electroporated neurons in the cortex
(Chen et al., Nat Neurosci, 2008)
Mating
viable
CKO mice lose essentially all 5-HTergic neurons in the brain
Time-control CKO
(Dai et al., J Comp Neurol, 2008)
Generation of Pet1-CreER mice
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR): RNA-Guided
Endonuclease technology for genome engineering.
Two components:
(1) a guide RNA (2) an endonuclease, CRISPR associated (Cas) nuclease, Cas9.
如何开始?
• 几个原则:
– 在水或中性的缓冲液内质粒是带负电的 – 质粒在电场的作用下可以进入细胞内 – 质粒必须在目的细胞的周围
• BTX has a product (ECM 830) that is able to do this job efficiently (http://www.btxonline.com)
Transgene and gene knockout in studying gene functions
研究基因功能的两个策略
功能缺失(Loss of function): KO, CKO, RNAi 获得功能(Gain of function):Transgenic, virusbased
空气过滤(万级)、控温和控湿 动物防护:更衣、口罩、手套、头套
子宫内胚胎电转技术
in utero electroporation
研究分子功能的两个策略
• 功能缺失(LOF): KO, CKO, RNAi • 获得功能(GOF):Transgenic, virus-based • 不利的因素: Labor- and time-consuming Specialist and equipment are needed
基因敲除(knock out )和基因敲入( knock in)
KO 过程也称基因打靶 (gene targeting) ,利用 DNA同源重组,在基因组中的某一特定部位进 行定点的基因置换,用无功能基因替换目的 基因或Delete目的基因。
根据需要 (如验 证 A 与 B 在功能上有某种关 联),在敲除基因 A 时,将有功能的基因 B 放 在A基因的位置,即A是KO,B是Knock in。
Other methods in gene Knock out
ENU-based mutagenesis
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was developed as an efficient mutagen that would cause point mutations and small deletions in mice. It easy to design closely spaced DNA markers for mapping of mutations.
http://www.addgene.org/CRISPR/guide/
Transgene
Transgene
Principles: 1. which type of cells you are interested
(e.g. islet cells, dopaminergic neurons)
2. what gene you want to express
基因敲除的基本程序
1 、构建打靶载体 Targeting vector
1)同源序列
Homologous arms
Neor
2)打靶载体常含两种筛选标志
HSV-tk
positive selection neor :新霉素抗性基因,neor基因存在于打靶载体内,当
重组(同源或随机整合)后,ES细胞能在含新霉素G418的 培养液中生长
Making vectors
1. Known promotor and enhancer 2. Unknown cases – BAC-based method
Founder mice:
transgenic mice that develop from the injected eggs
Transgenic mice: mice that are determined to presence of the injected gene
(Ding et al., Nat. Neurosci., 2003)
Conditional knock out (CKO) (Tissue- or cell type-specific)
条件
Floxed mice 目的基因(A)被两个LoxP位点包绕
Cre mice 转基因小鼠,Cre在特定细胞内 表达
电转后瞬间细胞膜上被击出的孔
带电的质粒在电场作用下胞内的形式
Vectors
• LOF (RNAi):pSuper
• GOF: pCAGGS,强大启动子,表达时间长
子宫内胚胎电转 In Utero Electroporation
• 动物: 鸡胚,小鼠,大鼠
– 胎龄:
• 鸡胚:越小越容易 • 小鼠、大鼠:越大越容易
在体 in vivo与离体 in vitro
描述性报告 vs 机理研究报告
研究设计:假说(可能性)—验证—总结(论文)
小鼠基因敲除和转基因
这两项技术是用来制备目的基因失活和表达的小鼠。 优势:在体研究基因的功能。 应用和意义:
– 使得遗传学、肿瘤学、免疫学、发育生物学等学科取得 了惊人的进步,这些研究潜在的商业性价值不可估量。
同时表达目的基因(A)和Cre的 细胞内的A基因被敲除,其他细胞 表达的A基因不受影响
Raphe nuclei-specific deletion of Lmx1b
(functional Cre examination with Rosa26 reporter mice ) (Dai et al., PNAS, 2008)
Stable line:
due to multiple insertion
美国The Jackson Laboratory-世界最大的小鼠品系仓库
南京国家小鼠资源中心
南京国家小鼠资源中心
资源库坐落于南京市浦口 高新区,占地100亩,建 筑面积7800平方米,小鼠 笼位3万多个,各项指标 已通过省实验动物环境与 设施的监测。
CreER位于胞浆内,不具有活性;在tamoxifen存在情况下,转位入核发挥作用。
(Song et al., PlosOne)
Lmx1b is required for 5-HT expression in Adult Brain
5-HT immunostaining
tph2 immunostaining
Selection for neor positive
Selection for TK negative
ES cells with homologous recombination
4 、将基因敲除ES细胞注射入囊胚,形成嵌合胚胎,得到嵌合 体小鼠,而后筛选培育阳性子代小鼠。
Conventional Knock out
Mutation of Lmx1b in mice
In forelimb, dorsal feature (hair follicles) is replaced by ventral one (footpads).
(Chen et al., Nat. Genetics, 1998)
Lmx1b is essential for development of 5-HT+ neurons
2、将载体导入ES细胞
Targeting vector introduced by electroporation
Targeting gene
Homologous recombination
3. 筛选进行了同源重组的ES细胞
ES Cells
Recombinants with random insertioncontaining both neo and tk
– Misexpression vector: pCAGGGS – RNAi vector: pSuper
– Injection vectors into brain ventricle – Electric pulses – Put embryos back
• For detailed procedures, please read the paper in Dev Bio, 240:237, 2003, by T Saito.
实例二
Ding YQ et al., Development, 2004
实例三
Knock down---RNAi
RNAi reveals that doublecortin is required for radial migration in rat neocortex. Nat Neurosci. 2003 6:1277-83
引进和自主构建小鼠品系 达150多种。ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
SPF饲养要求
Specific pathogen free-SPF
饲养环境和动物没有特定的病原感染
动物福利:环境、对待动物的方式 使用量:最小化为原则
Mouse Care: Barrier Accommodation with Individually Ventilated Cage Racks
(Bai J et al., Nature Neurosci, 2003)
其他脑区
• Cingulate cortex • Hippocampus • Striatum • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Brain stem • DRG