造山作用金矿床:从阿拉斯加得到的启示(Richard J.Goldfarb,2009)
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Placers
Christina True North Tolovana Dolphin Frederich CLEARY SUMMIT AREA PEDRO DOME AREA
Hi -Yu
sh Fi
148°w
Ck
.
Gil GILMORE DOME AREA Fort Knox Stepovich
65°N
COMPRESSIONAL OROGENESIS (FOREARC) 挤压造山作用(弧前)
地壳增厚(以及板片断裂窗?) 板片断裂窗
弧前地体和盆地 大洋 岩浆弧
侵入体和脉
INTERIOR AK--HISTORIC ALLUVIAL GOLDFIELDS 阿拉斯加内陆-历史上著名的冲积型砂金矿田
ERODED MID-K LODES
增生边缘中的中 生代 – 新生代成 矿带
Upper Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group 晚白垩世Kuskokwim群
• • •
Coarse- to fine-grained clastics (粗粒到细粒的碎屑岩) >10 km thick (厚度>10km) ca. 95-77 Ma strike-slip basin fill (大约95-77 Ma走滑盆地堆积序列)
LATE CRETACEOUS PORPHYRIES: PEBBLE 晚白垩斑岩:Pebble斑岩型矿床
• • •
90 Ma tonalite-gd batholith • 90 Ma英闪岩-花岗闪长岩岩基 Kahiltna terrane (J-K flysch) • Kahitna地体 (侏罗-白垩复理石) 26.5 Moz Au (>0.3 g/t) •
Seward Peninsula Rivers
Seward半岛河流中
•
1 Moz alluvial gold
1百万盎司砂金
Beaches of Nome
Nome沙滩中
•
6 Moz alluvial gold
6百万盎司砂金
EXTENSIONAL OROGENESIS (Fore-Arc) 伸展造山作用(弧前)
LACK OF AU IN HIGH MM GRADE ROCKS 高级变质岩石中没有金
Alaska-Juneau 阿拉斯加-朱诺
Treadwell
Kensington/Jualin
40Ar/39Ar
dates from veins in the Juneau Gold Belt
Shear Hybrid 56.5 Ma 54.9 Ma 55.0 54.4 55.3 54.3 54.0 55.5 53.2 Tension 54.1 Ma 54.0 53.5
Chugach Accretionary Prism (Outer Forearc)--Kenai Peninsula to Chichagof Chugach增生楔(外前弧)-- Kenai 半岛到Chichagof
造山带型金矿区
Seward半岛 Tintina断裂系
白垩纪到第 三纪地体
太平洋板块
Orogenic Gold Formation: Related to Lithospheric-Scale Thermal Processes 造山型金矿的形成与岩石圈尺度的热作用有关
地壳增厚 增生的洋壳 地幔柱影响/俯冲
俯冲回转
洋脊俯冲
板片回转 软流圈上涌
中白垩
东、西阿拉斯加的闭合
Wrangellia和其它弧与 被动大陆边缘碰撞 俯冲事件! ±伸展;岩浆作用
Subducting Spreading Ridge 正在俯冲的扩张脊
Slab Window 板片断裂窗
热泉
金-石英沉淀
造山带型金矿区
热液流动 增生楔 去挥发份反应
大洋板片
脆性
板片断 裂窗
塑性 上涌的软流圈
•
Progressive flysch melt, mm devolatilization 复理石不断熔融,变质去挥发份
24.7 billion lbs Cu (>0.3 %) 247亿磅铜 (>0.3%) Chalcocite/digenite supergene zone 辉铜矿/蓝辉铜矿次生氧化带 Open most directions 各方向上都还有矿
Tintina 金矿带
POGO: 105 Ma
MID-K OROGENIC & IRGS, EASTERN ALASKA (within arc?) 中白垩造山带型和 IRGS型,阿拉斯加 东部(在弧内?)
EPIZONAL Hg-Sb LODES 浅带中的Hg-Sb矿脉
Donlin Creek区域地质图
Donlin Creek Deposit Donlin Creek 矿
• • • •
More than one dozen drilled prospects 超过12个经钻孔控制的远景区 Indicated and inferred resource=25.4 Moz Au 证实储量和推断储量为25.4百万盎司金 Cut-off grade=1.5 g/t 边界品位=1.5 g/t Open at depth and along strike向深部和沿走向矿体继续延伸
TERTIARY LODES OF THE INNER AND OUTER FOREARC 内、外前弧地区的第三纪造山带型金矿
造山带型金矿区
Seward半岛 Tintina断裂系
白垩纪到第 三纪地体
太平洋板块
The Inner Fore-arc
内前弧
Juneau金矿带内的金矿
GOLD-GREENSCHIST ASSOCIATION Au与绿片岩的联系
Juneau金矿带矿脉的40Ar/39Ar测年
• Kensington
• Jualin
55.3 52.8 55.1 52.8
• Treadwell • A.J. • Sumdum 54.2 55.1 (1 sigma ~0.1-0.3 m.y.) 56.1
Changes in Far-Field Stresses — Juneau G. B. 远域应力的变化- Juneau G. B.
Fort Knox 金矿; 90 Ma; 加拿大育空省
MID-CRETACEOUS (120-100 Ma) PORPHYRIES (preserved shallow rocks) 中白垩斑岩 (120-100 Ma, 保留下来的浅部岩石)
• • • •
Quartz monzonite and diorite--Wrangellia and Gravina belt 石英二长岩和闪长岩 – Wrangellia和Gravina带 1,000 Mt of 0.20-0.35%Cu in 7 deposits (Orange Hill, Bond Creek) 7个矿床(Orange Hill, Bond Creek) 含10亿吨矿石,品位0.20-0.35% Cu Average 0.02% Mo 平均0.02% Mo Less dioritic bodies with classic potassic/phyllic/argillic/propylitic zones 有经典钾化/绢英岩化/泥化/青磐岩化分带的闪长质侵入体较少
Big Harrah (27,000 oz) Big Harrah 矿(27,000oz)
Rock Creek--New Resource Rock Creek — 新探明的资源量
• • • •
>500,000 oz, 5 g/t > 500,000 盎司,5克/吨 E. Pz qtz-musc-chlor schist 早古生代石英-云母-绿泥石片岩 Thin quartz veinlet systems 石英细脉系统 Extensional fractures 伸展断裂
Southern Alaska Accretionary Prism--2000 km 阿拉斯加南部的增生楔—2000 km
Chugach terrane Chugach地体
Flysch Melt Granitoids 复理石熔融而成的花岗岩类
Turbidite-hosted Gold Deposits 浊积岩中赋存的金矿
ESTER DOME AREA Ryan Lode
Ch
en
a
Ri ver
FAIRBANKS
0
Faults Strike-slip, thrust, normal
10 kBaidu Nhomakorabealometers
Tolovana--92 Ma
FORT KNOX DEPOSIT Fort Knox矿
• IRGS (92 Ma) 与侵入岩有关的金矿床(92 Ma) • Shears and sheeted veins 剪切带和席状脉 • 1.5 Moz prod (1996-2000) 1996-2000生产了1.5百万盎司 • 3.7 Moz reserves, 0.93 g/t Au 3.7百万盎司储量,品位0.93g/t
Willow Creek District: Ores within the Arc Willow Creek地区: 弧内矿床
Talkeetna Batholith: 74-67 Ma Talkeetna 岩基: 74-67 Ma Gold ores: 66 Ma 金矿: 66 Ma Dextral s-s: ca. 70-50 Ma; Regional uplift: 68-61 Ma 右行走滑断层: 大约 70-50 Ma; 区域抬升: 68-61 Ma
• • •
Slab rollback, Barrovian metamorphism and plutonism=110-80 Ma 板片回转, Barrovian变质作用和岩浆侵入 = 110-80 Ma Deposits ca. 109 Ma; small extensional fractures in greenschist facies 矿床年龄大约109 Ma, 绿片岩相中小型伸展断裂 No large regional faults 没有大型的区域断层
Ore Deposit Models & Exploration Course
II) Orogenic Au: Lessons from Alaska 从阿拉斯加得到的启示
Richard J. Goldfarb
CUGB—November 2009
OROGENIC AU & EVOLUTION OF THE CORDILLERAN OROGEN 造山带型金矿和 Cordilleran造山带的演化 Dozens of allochthonous terranes added since 180 Ma 从180Ma以来有大量外来 地体的加入
Shear-related Veins 剪切带有关的矿脉 Fairbanks District Fairbanks地区
Gold Occurrences
High-level
Chatanika Terrane
i ka tan Cha
River
Vein/disseminated Replacement Skarn Intrusion-hosted
Accretionary Prism 2ndary Gold 增生楔次生金矿
• •
Zones of focused fluid flow 流体集中流动带 2ndary gold restricted to greenschist domains 次生金矿限于绿片岩区内
YOUNGING OF GOLD AGES TO THE EAST 往东金矿年龄逐渐变年轻
已被剥蚀的中白垩矿脉
EARLY MZ COLLISION--LOW-T, NO AU 中生代早期碰撞 - 低温, 无金矿
大陆架
古生代北美大陆边缘
MID-K SLAB ROLLBACK AND EXTENSIONAL OROGENESIS 中白垩板片回转和伸展造山作用
Orogenic Gold Seward Peninsula (110 Ma) 苏厄德半岛(美国阿拉斯加州西部)的造山带金矿(110 Ma)
Yukon-Tanana Terrane
eek Cr
ds tr
G
ol
e
am
Cretaceous felsic intrusions Chatanik Ter rane a slate, felsic schist, marble Yukon-Tanan a T rane er schis q uartzite, amphibolite t,
Christina True North Tolovana Dolphin Frederich CLEARY SUMMIT AREA PEDRO DOME AREA
Hi -Yu
sh Fi
148°w
Ck
.
Gil GILMORE DOME AREA Fort Knox Stepovich
65°N
COMPRESSIONAL OROGENESIS (FOREARC) 挤压造山作用(弧前)
地壳增厚(以及板片断裂窗?) 板片断裂窗
弧前地体和盆地 大洋 岩浆弧
侵入体和脉
INTERIOR AK--HISTORIC ALLUVIAL GOLDFIELDS 阿拉斯加内陆-历史上著名的冲积型砂金矿田
ERODED MID-K LODES
增生边缘中的中 生代 – 新生代成 矿带
Upper Cretaceous Kuskokwim Group 晚白垩世Kuskokwim群
• • •
Coarse- to fine-grained clastics (粗粒到细粒的碎屑岩) >10 km thick (厚度>10km) ca. 95-77 Ma strike-slip basin fill (大约95-77 Ma走滑盆地堆积序列)
LATE CRETACEOUS PORPHYRIES: PEBBLE 晚白垩斑岩:Pebble斑岩型矿床
• • •
90 Ma tonalite-gd batholith • 90 Ma英闪岩-花岗闪长岩岩基 Kahiltna terrane (J-K flysch) • Kahitna地体 (侏罗-白垩复理石) 26.5 Moz Au (>0.3 g/t) •
Seward Peninsula Rivers
Seward半岛河流中
•
1 Moz alluvial gold
1百万盎司砂金
Beaches of Nome
Nome沙滩中
•
6 Moz alluvial gold
6百万盎司砂金
EXTENSIONAL OROGENESIS (Fore-Arc) 伸展造山作用(弧前)
LACK OF AU IN HIGH MM GRADE ROCKS 高级变质岩石中没有金
Alaska-Juneau 阿拉斯加-朱诺
Treadwell
Kensington/Jualin
40Ar/39Ar
dates from veins in the Juneau Gold Belt
Shear Hybrid 56.5 Ma 54.9 Ma 55.0 54.4 55.3 54.3 54.0 55.5 53.2 Tension 54.1 Ma 54.0 53.5
Chugach Accretionary Prism (Outer Forearc)--Kenai Peninsula to Chichagof Chugach增生楔(外前弧)-- Kenai 半岛到Chichagof
造山带型金矿区
Seward半岛 Tintina断裂系
白垩纪到第 三纪地体
太平洋板块
Orogenic Gold Formation: Related to Lithospheric-Scale Thermal Processes 造山型金矿的形成与岩石圈尺度的热作用有关
地壳增厚 增生的洋壳 地幔柱影响/俯冲
俯冲回转
洋脊俯冲
板片回转 软流圈上涌
中白垩
东、西阿拉斯加的闭合
Wrangellia和其它弧与 被动大陆边缘碰撞 俯冲事件! ±伸展;岩浆作用
Subducting Spreading Ridge 正在俯冲的扩张脊
Slab Window 板片断裂窗
热泉
金-石英沉淀
造山带型金矿区
热液流动 增生楔 去挥发份反应
大洋板片
脆性
板片断 裂窗
塑性 上涌的软流圈
•
Progressive flysch melt, mm devolatilization 复理石不断熔融,变质去挥发份
24.7 billion lbs Cu (>0.3 %) 247亿磅铜 (>0.3%) Chalcocite/digenite supergene zone 辉铜矿/蓝辉铜矿次生氧化带 Open most directions 各方向上都还有矿
Tintina 金矿带
POGO: 105 Ma
MID-K OROGENIC & IRGS, EASTERN ALASKA (within arc?) 中白垩造山带型和 IRGS型,阿拉斯加 东部(在弧内?)
EPIZONAL Hg-Sb LODES 浅带中的Hg-Sb矿脉
Donlin Creek区域地质图
Donlin Creek Deposit Donlin Creek 矿
• • • •
More than one dozen drilled prospects 超过12个经钻孔控制的远景区 Indicated and inferred resource=25.4 Moz Au 证实储量和推断储量为25.4百万盎司金 Cut-off grade=1.5 g/t 边界品位=1.5 g/t Open at depth and along strike向深部和沿走向矿体继续延伸
TERTIARY LODES OF THE INNER AND OUTER FOREARC 内、外前弧地区的第三纪造山带型金矿
造山带型金矿区
Seward半岛 Tintina断裂系
白垩纪到第 三纪地体
太平洋板块
The Inner Fore-arc
内前弧
Juneau金矿带内的金矿
GOLD-GREENSCHIST ASSOCIATION Au与绿片岩的联系
Juneau金矿带矿脉的40Ar/39Ar测年
• Kensington
• Jualin
55.3 52.8 55.1 52.8
• Treadwell • A.J. • Sumdum 54.2 55.1 (1 sigma ~0.1-0.3 m.y.) 56.1
Changes in Far-Field Stresses — Juneau G. B. 远域应力的变化- Juneau G. B.
Fort Knox 金矿; 90 Ma; 加拿大育空省
MID-CRETACEOUS (120-100 Ma) PORPHYRIES (preserved shallow rocks) 中白垩斑岩 (120-100 Ma, 保留下来的浅部岩石)
• • • •
Quartz monzonite and diorite--Wrangellia and Gravina belt 石英二长岩和闪长岩 – Wrangellia和Gravina带 1,000 Mt of 0.20-0.35%Cu in 7 deposits (Orange Hill, Bond Creek) 7个矿床(Orange Hill, Bond Creek) 含10亿吨矿石,品位0.20-0.35% Cu Average 0.02% Mo 平均0.02% Mo Less dioritic bodies with classic potassic/phyllic/argillic/propylitic zones 有经典钾化/绢英岩化/泥化/青磐岩化分带的闪长质侵入体较少
Big Harrah (27,000 oz) Big Harrah 矿(27,000oz)
Rock Creek--New Resource Rock Creek — 新探明的资源量
• • • •
>500,000 oz, 5 g/t > 500,000 盎司,5克/吨 E. Pz qtz-musc-chlor schist 早古生代石英-云母-绿泥石片岩 Thin quartz veinlet systems 石英细脉系统 Extensional fractures 伸展断裂
Southern Alaska Accretionary Prism--2000 km 阿拉斯加南部的增生楔—2000 km
Chugach terrane Chugach地体
Flysch Melt Granitoids 复理石熔融而成的花岗岩类
Turbidite-hosted Gold Deposits 浊积岩中赋存的金矿
ESTER DOME AREA Ryan Lode
Ch
en
a
Ri ver
FAIRBANKS
0
Faults Strike-slip, thrust, normal
10 kBaidu Nhomakorabealometers
Tolovana--92 Ma
FORT KNOX DEPOSIT Fort Knox矿
• IRGS (92 Ma) 与侵入岩有关的金矿床(92 Ma) • Shears and sheeted veins 剪切带和席状脉 • 1.5 Moz prod (1996-2000) 1996-2000生产了1.5百万盎司 • 3.7 Moz reserves, 0.93 g/t Au 3.7百万盎司储量,品位0.93g/t
Willow Creek District: Ores within the Arc Willow Creek地区: 弧内矿床
Talkeetna Batholith: 74-67 Ma Talkeetna 岩基: 74-67 Ma Gold ores: 66 Ma 金矿: 66 Ma Dextral s-s: ca. 70-50 Ma; Regional uplift: 68-61 Ma 右行走滑断层: 大约 70-50 Ma; 区域抬升: 68-61 Ma
• • •
Slab rollback, Barrovian metamorphism and plutonism=110-80 Ma 板片回转, Barrovian变质作用和岩浆侵入 = 110-80 Ma Deposits ca. 109 Ma; small extensional fractures in greenschist facies 矿床年龄大约109 Ma, 绿片岩相中小型伸展断裂 No large regional faults 没有大型的区域断层
Ore Deposit Models & Exploration Course
II) Orogenic Au: Lessons from Alaska 从阿拉斯加得到的启示
Richard J. Goldfarb
CUGB—November 2009
OROGENIC AU & EVOLUTION OF THE CORDILLERAN OROGEN 造山带型金矿和 Cordilleran造山带的演化 Dozens of allochthonous terranes added since 180 Ma 从180Ma以来有大量外来 地体的加入
Shear-related Veins 剪切带有关的矿脉 Fairbanks District Fairbanks地区
Gold Occurrences
High-level
Chatanika Terrane
i ka tan Cha
River
Vein/disseminated Replacement Skarn Intrusion-hosted
Accretionary Prism 2ndary Gold 增生楔次生金矿
• •
Zones of focused fluid flow 流体集中流动带 2ndary gold restricted to greenschist domains 次生金矿限于绿片岩区内
YOUNGING OF GOLD AGES TO THE EAST 往东金矿年龄逐渐变年轻
已被剥蚀的中白垩矿脉
EARLY MZ COLLISION--LOW-T, NO AU 中生代早期碰撞 - 低温, 无金矿
大陆架
古生代北美大陆边缘
MID-K SLAB ROLLBACK AND EXTENSIONAL OROGENESIS 中白垩板片回转和伸展造山作用
Orogenic Gold Seward Peninsula (110 Ma) 苏厄德半岛(美国阿拉斯加州西部)的造山带金矿(110 Ma)
Yukon-Tanana Terrane
eek Cr
ds tr
G
ol
e
am
Cretaceous felsic intrusions Chatanik Ter rane a slate, felsic schist, marble Yukon-Tanan a T rane er schis q uartzite, amphibolite t,