国际贸易第10章精解

CHAPTER 10 其它贸易政策工具

OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF THE TRADE POLICY

KEY WORDS:

export tax 出口税

export subsidy 出口补贴

dumping 倾销

price discrimination 价格歧视

一.出口征税

二.出口补贴

三.倾销和反倾销

四.案例分析和补充资料

一. 出口征税Export Taxes

Figure 10.1 The Effects of an Export Duty

In free trade, the world price is $5. Now, the export duty is $1. It causes exporters to receive a lower return on wheat exports. So they

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shift some of their wheat back to the domestic market. This action will bring down the domestic price to $4.

At the new equilibrium, wheat farmers will reduce the wheat production; meanwhile domestic consumers will buy more wheat.

出口征税→转内销→国内供过于求→价格下降

Wheat farmers lose area a+b+c+d. Consumers of wheat gain area a. The government collects area c in export duty. The nation as a whole loses areas b and d.

生产商损失a+b+c+d，消费者获利a，政府得到出口税c，国家损失b+d。

If the exporting country has some monopoly power in the world market, it could use the export duty to exploit this power to national advantage. If the foreign countries are dependent on this export heavily, the exporting country can raise the export duty, and get the foreigners to pay more.

如果是大国模型：

出口征税→出口减少→国际市场供不应求（弹性小）→价格上涨

The most important example of an export duty is the duty levied simultaneously by several nations joined in an international cartel (see CASE STUDY 1: International Cartels). They get the monopoly profits by restricting exports. (OPEC).

出口退税与征税的效应相似。

二.出口补贴Export Subsidies

出口补贴是指政府无偿地给予本国出口商以财政津贴，其主要目的在于降低本国出口商品成本和价格，提高其国际竞争力。出口补贴包括直接补贴和间接补贴。

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直接补贴是指政府对出口商给予直接的现金补贴。政府补贴的金额大小视出口商的实际成本与出口收入的差额而定，通常都要包括出口商一定的盈利率。直接出口补贴以美国和欧共体对农产品的补贴最为典型。

间接补贴是指政府通过各种措施，给予出口商以财政运输方面的优惠待遇。如：政府对出口商品的国内运输费用减免收取或提供低价运输的工具；提供出口商品优惠保险；缓交出口商品应付税款或减税、免税等。

由于世贸组织禁止对工业品出口进行直接补贴，因此，通过变相方式对出口工业品进行间接补贴已成为各国普遍采用的出口补贴方法。鼓励出口的财政政策除了出口补贴以外，还包括出口退税、出口奖励和出口减税等措施。

还有一种出口信贷的方式，美国等发达国家给外国进口商低息信贷，以促使他们购买本国的产品。（阅读教材）。

Buyers credit （买方信贷）: the exporting nation gives foreign buyers of the nation’s exports low-interest loans to finance the purchase.

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Figure 10.2 The Effect of an Export Subsidy

P S

P D P D = P w+sub 100

P W a b c d

90

D

Q

D2D1S1S2

An export subsidy is in effect a negative export tax. So we can use the similar way to analyze the effects of an export subsidy.

In the small country case, the subsidy directly raises the price received by the producer for exports. The producer receives the international price plus the subsidy from the government.

分析过程：

出口商为了获得补贴，使出口增加国内市场供不应求，价格上涨到90+10=100 加上补贴后，在国际市场卖90 补贴使得出口增加。

So, the welfare effect is:

Producer surplus: a + b + c

Government cost: b + c + d

Consumer loss: a + b

Net social cost: b + d (deadweight)

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