呕血便血(诊断学9版,2学时 )
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消化系统疾病诊断学
《诊断学》
定义
呕血:是上消化道疾病或全身性疾病所致的 上消化道出血,血液经口腔呕出。
Hematemesis is upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by upper
gastrointestinal diseases (digestive 指orgTanrseabiotvze 韧the 带flex以or's上lig的ame消nt,化inc器ludi官ng , esophageal, gastric, duodenal, hepa包tic,归bili食ary管, pa、ncr胃eati、c di十seas二es)指or 肠syst、em肝ic 、 diseases. Blood is vomited through胆the、mo胰uth疾. 病。
伴随症状
4、全身出血倾向Systemic bleeding tendency: 过敏性紫癜、流行性出血热、重症肝炎、白血 病等。
Allergic purpura、epidemic hemorrhagic fever、Severe hepatitis、Leukemia and so on.
临床表现
3.血液学变化:Hb降低,早期可无明显血液学改变。
Hematological changes: Hb decreased, but there was no obvious hematological changes in the early stage.
4.氮质血症:血液蛋白的分解产物在肠道被吸收。
临床表现
2.周围循环血容量不足表现:出血量占循环血量10%以 下,无明显表现;10-20%时可有头昏乏力等;20-30% 时可有冷汗、四肢厥冷、心慌、脉搏增快等;30%以上 时可有周围循环衰竭表现(失血性休克)。
Peripheral circulation insufficiency manifestations: the amount of bleeding accounted for less than 10% of the circulating blood volume, no obvious performance; 10-20% may have dizziness and fatigue; 20-30% may have cold sweat, cold limbs, panic, rapid pulse and so on; more than 30% may have peripheral circulation failure (hemorrhagic shock).
剧烈呕吐后:Mallory-Weiss综合征。
Severe vomiting: Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
咯血与呕血的鉴别
病因 出血前症状
咯血 肺结核 支扩 肺
癌 肺炎 肺脓肿
心脏病等 喉痒 胸闷 咳嗽等
呕血 消化性溃疡 肝硬化 急 性糜烂出血性胃炎 胃癌等
上腹不适 恶心 呕吐等
Infectious diseases: epidemic hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, septicemia, fulminant hepatitis and so on.
病因
(3)结缔组织病等:系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、皮肌 炎、结节性多动脉炎累及上消化道。
2、胃、十二指肠疾病:消化性溃疡、急性糜烂 出血性胃炎、胃癌等。
Gastroduodenal diseases: peptic ulcer, acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis, gastric cancer and so on.
病因
3、门脉高压:食管胃底静脉曲张破裂或门脉 高压性胃病。
皮肤黏膜出血:血液病、败血症、重症肝炎。
Mucocutaneous hemorrhage: hematopathy, septicemia, severe hepatitis.
黄疸、发热、右上腹痛:胆系疾病。
Jaundice, fever, right upper abdominal pain: biliary diseases.
Portal hypertension: bleeding from esophagogastric varices or portal hypertensive gastropathy.
二、上消化道邻近器官疾病:肝胆、胰腺疾 病。
Upper digestive tract adjacent organ diseases: hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases.
伴随症状
左锁骨上淋巴结肿大:胃癌、胰腺癌。
Left supraclavicular lymph node enlargement: gastric cancer or pancreatic cancer.
服用NSAID、饮酒、应急状态:急性糜烂出血性胃炎。
Taking NSAID, drinking and emergency: acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis
病因
三、全身性疾病Systemic disease (1)血液病:过敏性紫癜、白血病、凝血机制障碍
性疾病等。
Hematological diseases: allergic purpura, leukemia, coagulation disorders, and so on.
(2)感染性疾病:流行性出血热、钩体病、败血症、 爆发性肝炎等。
隐血便:消化道出血每日在5ml以下者,无肉 眼可见的粪便颜色改变。
Occult blood: gastrointestinal bleeding is less than 5ml per day, and no fecal color change.
伴随症状
1、腹痛abdominal pain: 消化性溃疡、胆道出血;细菌性痢疾、阿米 巴痢疾、溃疡性结肠炎;急性出血坏死性肠炎、 肠套叠、肠系膜血栓或栓塞。
azotemia:The decomposition products of blood proteins are absorbed in the intestinal tract.
5.发热:吸收热、体温调节中枢调定点上移。
fever:Absorption heat and thermoregulation center shifted upward.
胃癌
gastric cancer
常见病因
消化性溃疡
EGVB
急性糜烂出 血性胃炎
胃癌
其他病因
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
其他病因
Dieulafoy disease
其他病因
其他病因
临床表现
1.呕血与黑便Hematemesis and melena:特征性表现。 呕血:可为鲜红色、暗红色或咖啡色(棕褐色)
便血颜色可呈鲜红、暗红、黑色。
The color of bloody stool can be bright red, dark red and black.
隐血:指少量出血不造成粪便颜色改变,须 经隐血试验才能确定者。
Occult blood: a small amount of bleeding that does not cause changes in the color of the stool. It can only be determined by occult blood test.
病因
一、下消化道疾病Lower digestive tract diseases 1、小肠疾病 Small intestinal disease 2、结肠疾病Colonic disease 3、直肠肛管疾病Anorectal diseases 4、血管病变Angiopathy 二、上消化道疾病Upper digestive tract diseases 三、全身性疾病Systemic disease
临床表现
便血颜色和形式可因出血部位不同、出血量多 少以及血液在肠腔内停留时间的长短而异。
The colour and form of blood in the stool can vary depending on the site of bleeding, the amount of bleeding, and the length of time the blood stays in the intestinal cavity.
伴随症状
上腹痛:多为消化性溃疡,中老年人注意胃癌。
Epigastric pain: mostly peptic ulcer, the middle-aged and the elderly pay attention to gastric cancer.
肝脾肿大:肝硬化、肝癌。
Hepatosplenomegaly: cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Connective tissue disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis, nodular polyarteritis involving the upper gastrointestinal tract.
伴随症状
2、里急后重tenesmus: 细菌性痢疾、直肠炎、直肠癌。
Bacterial dysentery、Proctitis、rectal cancer.
3、发热fever: 伤寒、流行性出血热、钩体病、淋巴瘤等。
Typhoid fever、epidemic hemorrhagic fever、Leptospirosis、Lymphoma, etc.
(4)其他:尿毒症、肺心病等。
Others: uremia, pulmonary heart disease and so on.
常见病因
消化性溃疡
Peptic ulcer
食管胃底静脉曲张破裂
Esophageal and gastric varices bleeding
急性糜烂出血性胃炎
Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis
病因
一、上消化道疾病Upper digestive tract diseases 1、食管疾病:食管炎、食管癌、Mallory-Weiss 综合征等。
Esophageal diseases: esophagitis, esophageal cancer, Mallory-Weiss syndrome and so on.
Hematemesis: bright red, dark red or brown.
黑便颜:色血取液决经于肠:道出排血出量体、外形成黑便(Hb与硫化物结 合形出成血硫部化位亚、铁出)血。速血度液。在胃内停留时间长,
Melena: blood passes through血the红int蛋esti白nes与to f胃orm酸bla作ck用stoo形ls (成Hb酸combines with sulfide to form ferrous sul化fide正). 铁血红蛋白。
出血方式 咯出
呕出 可为喷射状
血色
鲜红
棕黑 暗红 有时鲜红
血中混有物 痰 泡沫
食物残渣 胃液
反应 黑便
碱性 咽下后可有
酸性 有柏油便可持续数日
出血后痰的 常有血痰数日 性状
无血痰
概述
定义:指消化道出血,血液由肛门排出。
Definition: bleeding from the digestive tract and blood drained from the anus.
Peptic ulcer、Biliary tract hemorrhage、Bacterial dysentery、amebic dysentery、Ulcerative colitis、Acute hemorrhagic necrotlzing enteritis、 intussusception、Mesenteric thrombosis or embolism.
《诊断学》
定义
呕血:是上消化道疾病或全身性疾病所致的 上消化道出血,血液经口腔呕出。
Hematemesis is upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by upper
gastrointestinal diseases (digestive 指orgTanrseabiotvze 韧the 带flex以or's上lig的ame消nt,化inc器ludi官ng , esophageal, gastric, duodenal, hepa包tic,归bili食ary管, pa、ncr胃eati、c di十seas二es)指or 肠syst、em肝ic 、 diseases. Blood is vomited through胆the、mo胰uth疾. 病。
伴随症状
4、全身出血倾向Systemic bleeding tendency: 过敏性紫癜、流行性出血热、重症肝炎、白血 病等。
Allergic purpura、epidemic hemorrhagic fever、Severe hepatitis、Leukemia and so on.
临床表现
3.血液学变化:Hb降低,早期可无明显血液学改变。
Hematological changes: Hb decreased, but there was no obvious hematological changes in the early stage.
4.氮质血症:血液蛋白的分解产物在肠道被吸收。
临床表现
2.周围循环血容量不足表现:出血量占循环血量10%以 下,无明显表现;10-20%时可有头昏乏力等;20-30% 时可有冷汗、四肢厥冷、心慌、脉搏增快等;30%以上 时可有周围循环衰竭表现(失血性休克)。
Peripheral circulation insufficiency manifestations: the amount of bleeding accounted for less than 10% of the circulating blood volume, no obvious performance; 10-20% may have dizziness and fatigue; 20-30% may have cold sweat, cold limbs, panic, rapid pulse and so on; more than 30% may have peripheral circulation failure (hemorrhagic shock).
剧烈呕吐后:Mallory-Weiss综合征。
Severe vomiting: Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
咯血与呕血的鉴别
病因 出血前症状
咯血 肺结核 支扩 肺
癌 肺炎 肺脓肿
心脏病等 喉痒 胸闷 咳嗽等
呕血 消化性溃疡 肝硬化 急 性糜烂出血性胃炎 胃癌等
上腹不适 恶心 呕吐等
Infectious diseases: epidemic hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, septicemia, fulminant hepatitis and so on.
病因
(3)结缔组织病等:系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、皮肌 炎、结节性多动脉炎累及上消化道。
2、胃、十二指肠疾病:消化性溃疡、急性糜烂 出血性胃炎、胃癌等。
Gastroduodenal diseases: peptic ulcer, acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis, gastric cancer and so on.
病因
3、门脉高压:食管胃底静脉曲张破裂或门脉 高压性胃病。
皮肤黏膜出血:血液病、败血症、重症肝炎。
Mucocutaneous hemorrhage: hematopathy, septicemia, severe hepatitis.
黄疸、发热、右上腹痛:胆系疾病。
Jaundice, fever, right upper abdominal pain: biliary diseases.
Portal hypertension: bleeding from esophagogastric varices or portal hypertensive gastropathy.
二、上消化道邻近器官疾病:肝胆、胰腺疾 病。
Upper digestive tract adjacent organ diseases: hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases.
伴随症状
左锁骨上淋巴结肿大:胃癌、胰腺癌。
Left supraclavicular lymph node enlargement: gastric cancer or pancreatic cancer.
服用NSAID、饮酒、应急状态:急性糜烂出血性胃炎。
Taking NSAID, drinking and emergency: acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis
病因
三、全身性疾病Systemic disease (1)血液病:过敏性紫癜、白血病、凝血机制障碍
性疾病等。
Hematological diseases: allergic purpura, leukemia, coagulation disorders, and so on.
(2)感染性疾病:流行性出血热、钩体病、败血症、 爆发性肝炎等。
隐血便:消化道出血每日在5ml以下者,无肉 眼可见的粪便颜色改变。
Occult blood: gastrointestinal bleeding is less than 5ml per day, and no fecal color change.
伴随症状
1、腹痛abdominal pain: 消化性溃疡、胆道出血;细菌性痢疾、阿米 巴痢疾、溃疡性结肠炎;急性出血坏死性肠炎、 肠套叠、肠系膜血栓或栓塞。
azotemia:The decomposition products of blood proteins are absorbed in the intestinal tract.
5.发热:吸收热、体温调节中枢调定点上移。
fever:Absorption heat and thermoregulation center shifted upward.
胃癌
gastric cancer
常见病因
消化性溃疡
EGVB
急性糜烂出 血性胃炎
胃癌
其他病因
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
其他病因
Dieulafoy disease
其他病因
其他病因
临床表现
1.呕血与黑便Hematemesis and melena:特征性表现。 呕血:可为鲜红色、暗红色或咖啡色(棕褐色)
便血颜色可呈鲜红、暗红、黑色。
The color of bloody stool can be bright red, dark red and black.
隐血:指少量出血不造成粪便颜色改变,须 经隐血试验才能确定者。
Occult blood: a small amount of bleeding that does not cause changes in the color of the stool. It can only be determined by occult blood test.
病因
一、下消化道疾病Lower digestive tract diseases 1、小肠疾病 Small intestinal disease 2、结肠疾病Colonic disease 3、直肠肛管疾病Anorectal diseases 4、血管病变Angiopathy 二、上消化道疾病Upper digestive tract diseases 三、全身性疾病Systemic disease
临床表现
便血颜色和形式可因出血部位不同、出血量多 少以及血液在肠腔内停留时间的长短而异。
The colour and form of blood in the stool can vary depending on the site of bleeding, the amount of bleeding, and the length of time the blood stays in the intestinal cavity.
伴随症状
上腹痛:多为消化性溃疡,中老年人注意胃癌。
Epigastric pain: mostly peptic ulcer, the middle-aged and the elderly pay attention to gastric cancer.
肝脾肿大:肝硬化、肝癌。
Hepatosplenomegaly: cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Connective tissue disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis, nodular polyarteritis involving the upper gastrointestinal tract.
伴随症状
2、里急后重tenesmus: 细菌性痢疾、直肠炎、直肠癌。
Bacterial dysentery、Proctitis、rectal cancer.
3、发热fever: 伤寒、流行性出血热、钩体病、淋巴瘤等。
Typhoid fever、epidemic hemorrhagic fever、Leptospirosis、Lymphoma, etc.
(4)其他:尿毒症、肺心病等。
Others: uremia, pulmonary heart disease and so on.
常见病因
消化性溃疡
Peptic ulcer
食管胃底静脉曲张破裂
Esophageal and gastric varices bleeding
急性糜烂出血性胃炎
Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis
病因
一、上消化道疾病Upper digestive tract diseases 1、食管疾病:食管炎、食管癌、Mallory-Weiss 综合征等。
Esophageal diseases: esophagitis, esophageal cancer, Mallory-Weiss syndrome and so on.
Hematemesis: bright red, dark red or brown.
黑便颜:色血取液决经于肠:道出排血出量体、外形成黑便(Hb与硫化物结 合形出成血硫部化位亚、铁出)血。速血度液。在胃内停留时间长,
Melena: blood passes through血the红int蛋esti白nes与to f胃orm酸bla作ck用stoo形ls (成Hb酸combines with sulfide to form ferrous sul化fide正). 铁血红蛋白。
出血方式 咯出
呕出 可为喷射状
血色
鲜红
棕黑 暗红 有时鲜红
血中混有物 痰 泡沫
食物残渣 胃液
反应 黑便
碱性 咽下后可有
酸性 有柏油便可持续数日
出血后痰的 常有血痰数日 性状
无血痰
概述
定义:指消化道出血,血液由肛门排出。
Definition: bleeding from the digestive tract and blood drained from the anus.
Peptic ulcer、Biliary tract hemorrhage、Bacterial dysentery、amebic dysentery、Ulcerative colitis、Acute hemorrhagic necrotlzing enteritis、 intussusception、Mesenteric thrombosis or embolism.