研究生公共英语翻译(部分)
1.More art and intelligence go into the design and layout of an ad in T he Saturday Evening Post or Life than into stories and features in the same magazines.
《星期六晚报》或《生活》上的一幅广告的设计和版面要比同期报纸或杂志上的故事和特写投入的艺术和智力成分更多。
2.In order to achieve this end there has to be an elaborate series of consumer surveys to establish the exact character of the social groups whose dollars are to be magically extracted.
为了达到这一目的，就必须有一系列精心策划的消费调查，以准确地确定那些社会群体的特点，这些人的美元将被商家巧妙地榨取。
3.Our own advertising layouts are so extremely funny that if we paid any serious attention to them, we would soon be in stitches of laughter.The reason this does not happen is not that we have become hardened to these fantastic appeals to our passions, but that we have become so groggy, so passive, so helpless amidst the endless barrage of appeals that "we go about our business", as we say.
我们自己的广告版面设计是如此滑稽, 假如我们用心留意它们, 我们很快就忍俊不禁。之所以没有出现这样的情况 , 并不是因为我们已经对这种呼唤激情的荒谬做法习以为常 , 而是因为我们已经在永无止境铺天盖地的呼唤声中变得如此麻木 , 如此被动 , 如此无助 ," 我们只管自己的事儿。 " 就像我们所说的那样。
4.The ad was a piece of abstract art, of unabashed symbolism, such as is reputed to outrage ordinary man when he meets it in an art gallery, but which worked perfectly in the market place.
广告是一件抽象艺术, 是不折不扣的象征主义。据说普通人在艺术画廊里看到广告时会怒不可遏 , 但是它在市场上的确管用。
5.So powerful is this feature of the huge artificial, pictorialized, neon-lighted environment created by advertising that people have gotten into the habit of living in that future environment.
广告创造的图文并茂五颜六色的人造环境的阵势如此强大, 以至于人们都已习惯于生活在广告所宣传的未来世界里。
6.For if the ads are psychological machines hitched to the assembly lines of mass production at the distribution end, it is only by an intense appeal to the new, the different, the latest model or gadget that those lines can be kept rolling.
因为, 假如广告是接在流通一端的批量生产装配线上的心理机器的话,那么只有凭借新的、不同的、最新型号或玩意儿, 那些生产线才能开动
起来。
7.Ideally, ads are most valuable as windows providing a rational view of the entire social and psychological landscape of our communities, but their magical power is felt only by those who think they don’t read them.
按理说, 广告作为橱窗是最有价值的, 它合理地展示我们社区的整个社会和心理环境。然而, 广告的魔力却只有那些不看广告的人才能感受到。
8.Spain is the last European country where conversation remains a popular art and where the peasants, though illiterate, are as a rule so highly cultured that high society and intellectuals imitate their special accents and expressions out of snobbism.
西班牙是欧洲依然保留对话这一大众艺术的最后一个国家。在这里，农民虽然没有读过书，但是他们一般很有教养，以至于上流社会的人和知识分子势利的模仿他们独特的口音和表达方法。
9.The deeper meanings of jazz lie in the story of its beginning. Historically, its sounds and moods parallel the struggle and growth of a people.
爵士乐更深层次的意义在于有关它的起源的传说中。从历史的角度看，它的声音和基调和一个民族的奋斗和成长相伴相随。
10.The blues were a rich, social, and personal musical language － social in that it was the creative language of a people, and personal in that it was an expression of individual thinking and feeling.
布鲁斯是一种丰富的、社会的、也是个人的音乐语言。说它是社会的是因为它是一个民族的创造性语言；说它是个人的是因为它是个人思想和感情的表达方式。
11.Instead of a barrier, the color line became a catalyst of creativity, stimulating the development of what is known as modern jazz.
肤色非但不是一种障碍，反倒成了一种创造性的催化剂，刺激着被称作现代爵士乐的发展。
12.His music is a creative and spontaneous music — a manifestation of the creative urge of the common man– for the people and by the people.
他的音乐是一种富有创造性和自发性的音乐，它所展示的是普通人表现创造力的欲望。它由人民所享用，并由人民所创造。
13.The creative jazz man of today is in tune with what happened last night and anticipates what may occur tomorrow.
当今富有创造性的爵士乐手表现的是昨晚所发生的事情，他预言的是明天将要发生的事情。
14.Jazz began with the Negro slave from the west coast of Africa; the
circumstances surrounding his freedom from slavery gave jazz its momentum 爵士乐和非洲西海岸的黑人奴隶一起诞生，有关他从奴隶中获得自由的那些事件给了爵士乐原动力。
15.It does not use chord structure where a single melodic line is better, and in this sense it is akin to abstract art which reduces lines to a minimum.
只要一个旋律线谱更好，就绝不用和弦结构。在这个意文上讲，它类似于抽象艺术，把谱线减少到最小量。
16.Those who are sympathetic to both composed music and jazz claim that jazz must become a larger form of composition and be written down in a prevailing form as art ballet, opera, symphony, and musical comedy.
那些喜欢创作音禾和爵士乐的人称，爵士乐应该成力一种更为广泛的作曲形式，像芭蕾、歌剧、交响乐和音乐喜剧一样，以一种流行的形式把它谱写下来。
17.Viewing the tradition of jazz in perspective, one must ask: Had the American Negro been given opportunity for musical education before 1865, would jazz be with us today?
回顾爵士乐传统，人们一定会同：假如1865年前美国黑人给予了接受音乐教育的机会，我们今天还有爵士乐吗？
18.The life story of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community.
个人的生活历史首先是适应他的社团中按照传统继承下来的模式和规范的历史。
19.In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighing of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.
首先，任何科学研究要求研究者不能对其挑选的一系列对象厚此薄彼。
20. Whether it was a question of choosing a wife or of taking a head，the first and important distinction was between his own human group and those beyond the pale.
不管是挑选妻子还是割取首级，首要的事情是要把他自己的种族和其他种族区别开来。
21.We have failed to appreciate the emergence of this New Class. …The difference in what labor means to different people could not be greater.
我们没有意识到这个新阶级的出现。…… 工作对于不同的人有着不同的意义，其差别简直再大不过了。
22.He wants above all that they will have an occupation that is interesting and rewarding. On this he hopes that they will have taken their learned parent
as their model.
首先，他要他们拥有一份有趣的、有意义的职业。在这方面，他真希望孩子们会以他们学识渊博的老子为榜样。
23.Similarly, we have excluded youngsters from the labor market, partly on the ground that labor at too early an age is unduly painful and injurious to health, and partly to make way for educational opportunity.
同样，我们把青少年排除在劳动力市场外面，部分理由是过早地开始劳动是极其痛苦的，而且对健康有害；部分理由则是为了给他们创造受教育的机会。
24.The economists with impeccable credentials in the conventional wisdom, who believes that there is no goal in life of comparable urgency as the maximization of total and individual income, would never think of applying such a standard to himself.
在一般人眼里，经济学家学位高知识渊博，他相信生活中没有哪个目标能够同增加全民和个人的实际收入相提并论，他绝不会想到自己去身体力行这样一个标准。
25.Such is the labor of the New Class. No aristocrat ever contemplated the loss of feudal privileges with more sorrow than a member of this class would regard his descent into ordinary labor where the only reward was the pay.
这就是新阶级的工作：一个贵族在失去封建特权时思想上的痛苦也比不上这个阶级的成员在“堕落”为只有通过领取工资才能获得回报的普通劳动者时的痛苦。
26.With diminishing marginal urgency of goods, it is logical that the first to be spared should be the old and young.
随着产品边际需求的日益减少，符合逻辑的做法是首先减轻老年人和孩子的劳累。
27.Pay is not unimportant. Among other things, it is a prime index of prestige.
工资不是不重要，它和其他东西一道构成名望的主要指数。
28.So far, it has been the practice to compare the use of the same color in a number of entirely different countries or during periods of history as distant as possible from one another.
截至目前，惯常的做法是将同一种颜色在许多截然不同的国家或是相距甚远的各个历史时期进行比较。
29.The real question, however, is whether or not the same system of symbols recurs in all civilizations.
然而，真正的问题是，同样的象征体系是否存在于所有文化之中?
30.Despotism (专制统治) is a legitimate mode of government in dealing with barbarians, provided the end be their improvement.
专制统治是对付野蛮人的合法政府形式，只要这样做的目的是为了改良他们。
31. No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government.
总的看来，不管它的政府形式是什么样的，不尊重这些自由的社会没有一个是自由的。
32.To make any one answerable for doing evil to others, is the rule; to make him answerable for not preventing evil, is, comparatively speaking, the exception.
让一个人为他对于别人所干的坏事负责，这是一条法规；相对来说，让他为没有阻止别人干坏事负责，则是一种例外。
33.The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it.
只有以我们自己的方式追求我们幸福的自由才配得上这样的名称，只要我们不试图剥夺其他人这样做的自由或者阻碍他们这样去做。
34.No wonder that philosophers looking at this pandemonium of self-assertion, self-justification, and social and political fantasy, view it as a reaction against the Age of Reason.
难怪观察这种自作主张、自我辩白的吵闹局面以及社会和政治幻想的哲学家们把它看做是对理性时代的反应。
35.So that the very expression of alien mythology, incompatible with one's own vision of "fact" or "truth", works to the corruption of that vision. To be obliged to confess, teach, or acclaim falsehood is always felt as an insult exceeding even ridicule and abuse.
于是，不符合他所信仰的“事实”或“真理”的异国神话就会危及他的信仰，是对个性的背叛。被迫承认、宣传或赞同错误的东西永远被看作是比奚落和侮辱更为严重的人身侵犯。
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2020年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 2017年考研英语考试已经结束!出国留学考研网在考后第一时间 为大家提供2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析，更多考研资讯 请关注我们网站的更新! 2017年考研英语一翻译真题及答案解析 英语1文章明显偏学术，今年考察英语语言发展情况，文章选的英国文化教育协会，是雅思出题组织者。它的主席叫大卫格兰多的 一本书，叫《英语下一步》，他讲到整本书意思是英语将走向何处。 很有意思的是主席曾经这本书里说到了中文将以后成为世界语言。英语1考题作为序言部分作为考题。 今年英语1总体难度和去年相比，刚刚过去2016年考研题稳中 有一点点上升，没有任何难句出现，只是长句。我认为稳中上升。 第一句话有一个单词难一点，(英文)，英语全球性主导地位。翻译里没有考过。(英文)主导地位考过，但是是阅读里经常出现，翻 译都是可以的。这句话基本意思说到了，说英语的人进一步扩大， 这是一个(英文)状语从句。后面跟着有迹象表明，是主句，表明的 迹象是什么呢?从句，英语全球性主导地位在可预见地位将减弱。 fade(英文)略微有难度。我对考研阅读没有那么熟，但是2000 年出现过。如果按照新东方老师关注的精读方法来学习有很好的效果。 第二句话讲到了大卫这个人分析，会终结一些人的(英文)，他们或许会认为英语全球性地位是如此稳定。他们有一次词，是(英语) 如此稳定，英国年轻一代不需要额外学习其他的语言能力。但是会 终结年轻一代的能力。 但是组织的时候要注意一下，有些人认为英语语言地位如此稳定，英国年轻人没有必要学习什么，但是大卫的观点会终结这些人的想法。语序颠倒一下会更好。
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职
研究生英语阅读教程(第三版)(汉译英)段落翻译参考答案
1.国际地位和影响力。 2.生态文明建设。 3.读书之道。 4.中国武术。 5.中文热词。 6.丝绸之 路。7.民生问题。8.中国梦。 1.近年来，我国国际地位和影响力显著提高。我们在国际事务中发挥重要的建设性作用，有力维护国家主权、安全和发展利益，全方位外交取得重大进展。我们成功举办北京奥运会、上海世博会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想。这些辉煌成就，充分显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性，展现了改革开放的伟大力量，极大增强了全国各族人民的自信心和自豪感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力，激励我们奋勇前进。——选自西南交通大学出版社即将出版的《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》 In recent years, China's international prestige and influence grew significantly. We played an important and constructive role in international affairs; effectively safeguarded our national sovereignty, security and development interests. We made major progress in our all-around diplomacy. We successfully hosted the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo, thus fulfilling dreams the Chinese nation had cherished for a century. These brilliant achievements clearly show the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great power of reform and opening up. They greatly increased the confidence and pride of our people of all ethnic groups, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and inspired us to forge ahead.
研究生英语翻译答案
Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版)
2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题真题与翻译
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖ 1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12. ―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖ Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
研究生学术英语翻译4教学教材
研究生学术英语翻译 4
Writing a literature review 撰写文献综述 A literature review is a very important part of the research project.It may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay.In either case,its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being https://www.360docs.net/doc/d717970670.html,ly,your literature review must tell what has been done on the topic,what different scholars have said about their own research,what major findings have been published,and what controversial area exist.A good literature review can enhance the credibility of your research by indicating that your present study is based on a thorough and critical knowledge of what has been done in the field. Before writing,to be critical,you must ask questions like these about each book or article you read: 文献综述是研究项目的一个重要组成部分。它可以是一个独立的综述或是一个学术论文引言的一部分。在每一种情况下，它的目的都是表明对所研究的课题有一个清晰的认识。即你的文献综述必须告诉大家对这一主题已经做了什么，不同的学者是怎么说自己的研究的，什么结果是已经发表的，和什么地方是有争议存在的。一个好的文献综述可以提高你的研究的可信性通过表明你目前的研究是基于在该领域已被报道的知识的全面的，批判的了解。在写作之前，关键的是，关于你读的每一本书或文章，你必须问这样的问题： .Is the problem clearly defined?Is its significance clearly established? .Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective or an another theory? .Is the author’s research orientation(e.g.descriptive,critical,empirical)appropriate? .Is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the research(e.g.psychological,developmental,cognitive,feminist)? .Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue?Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with? .How reliable are the basic components of the study design(e.g.population,variables,outcome)?How accurate and valid are the methods used?Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question?Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis? Does the author avoid using one-sided examples,or rhetorically-charged language and tone?Is there an objective basis to the reasoning?
研究生英语 翻译+答案
1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。
研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课后部分翻译答案 (1)1
第一单元 “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move q uickly, but you have to know how t o decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 第四单元 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题。Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons thatpeople's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”，而且命运会将你俩带到一起。这样的想法很浪漫却不现实。实证研究发现，是文化标准和价值观而非命运，将人们连系在一起。我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人，因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局，这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表。 What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that "there's one person out there that one is meant for" and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are "filtered out" by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due ton factors such as age, race, distance, Social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearanc e. 第五单元 做瑜伽没有场地的限制，一套瑜伽动作通常需要20 分钟到两个小时或者更多的时间，而一个小时左右的时间则是一系列动作和冥想的最佳选择。根据瑜伽师和学派的不同，一些瑜伽动作做起来辛苦异常，而另一些却只是在呼吸和心跳平稳的情况下调整和伸展肢体。每天练习瑜伽会达到最好的效果，随着动作越来越熟练，你就可以加大强度和难度这样瑜伽就能成为你相伴终生的日常锻炼方式了。练习基础的瑜伽动作即可收到增强力量，改善柔韧性并使人感到舒适的效果，但要想达到完美和高深的境界还是需要日积月累的练习，这也是瑜伽吸引人的地方之一。 Yoga routines can take anywhere from 20 minutes to two or more hours, with one hour being a good time investment to perform a sequence of postures and a meditation. Some yoga routines, depending on the teacher and school, can be as strenuous as the most difficult workout, and some routines merely stretch and align the body while the breath and heart rate are kept slow and steady. Yoga achieves its best results when it is practiced as a daily discipline, and yoga can be a life-long exercise routine, offering deeper and more challenging positions as a practitioner becomes more adept. The basic positions can increase a person?s strength, flexibility and sense of well-being almost immediately, but it can take years to perfect and deepen them, which is an appealing and stimulating aspect of yoga for many. 第七单元 人性的恒定性是众所周知的，因为没有人相信一个人能够从根本上改变他的本性。这就是为什么一个恶名远扬的人很难重建公众对他的信心。人们凭经验知道某一年中表现出无赖性格的人不太可能在第二年有任何改观。小偷也不会变成值得信赖的员工。吝