细胞分子生物学(英文)

Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Microtubules Cytoskeleton. Mitochondria Vacuoles
Found in Plants and not in animals:
Chloroplasts
convert light/food into usable energy. (ATP production) Plastids
Section C: The Nucleus
The nuclear envelope contains two lipid bilayers. A mammalian nucleus has about 4000 nuclear pores, each is formed by over 100 different proteins.
Glycoproteins are the proteins covalently attached to carbohydrates such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fucose, sialic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, Nacetylgalactosamine, etc. Glycolipids are carbohydrate-attached lipids. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition
Chapter 1: Cells and Viruses
A: Cellular Organization
B: Biomembranes C: The Nucleus D: Organelles in the Cytoplasm E: Viruses
F: Bacteriophages
G: Anthrax and Biological Weapons
Contents of Molecular Biology
Cells and Viruses – Overview Protein Structure and Function Nucleic Acids, Genomics and Proteomics Gene Transcription Posttranscriptional Processes DNA Replication, Mutation and Repair Cell Motility Cell to Cell Signaling Regulation of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Cell Death and Its Regulation
The life cycle of viruses may be divided into the following stages:
Attachment Attachment is a specific binding between viral surface proteins and their receptors on the host cellular surface. This specificity determines the host range of a virus. For instance, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks only human's immune cells (mainly T cells), because its surface protein, gp120, can interact with CD4 and chemokine receptors on the T cell's surface. PenetrationFollowing attachment, viruses may enter the host cell through receptor mediated endocytosis or other mechanisms. UncoatingUncoating is a process that viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes. ReplicationReplication involves assembly of viral proteins and genetic materials produced in the host cell. ReleaseViruses may escape from the host cell by causing cell rupture (lysis). Enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV) typically "bud" from the host cell. During the budding process, a virus acquires the phospholipid envelope containing the embedded viral glycoproteins.
15% nucleic acid
15% carbohydrates 10% lipids
10% Other
What is inside the cell :
Cytosol - a lot of water - all except the organelles. Organelles Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER
Cell Wall
found in prokaryotic plants and it provides structural support and protection.
Size of Cells
•0.1 nm (nanometer) diameter of a hydrogen atom •0.8 nm Amino Acid •2 nm Diameter of a DNA Alpha helix •4 nm Globular Protein •6 nm microfilaments •10 nm thickness cell membranes •11 nm Ribosome •25 nm Microtubule •50 nm Nuclear pore •100 nm Large Virus •200 nm Centriole •200 nm (200 to 500 nm) Lysosomes •200 nm (200 to 500 nm) Peroxisomes
Types of Cells - prokaryote and eukaryote The major differences between Prokaryotic and Eukarotic cells are that prokaryotes don't have a nucleus and rarely have membrane bound organelles, (the only exception I have heard of is bacteria with vacuoles). The both do have DNA for genetic material, have a exterior membrane, have ribosomes, accomplish similar functions, and are very diverse. For instance, there are over 200 types of cells in the human body, that very greatly in size, shape, and function.
•6 um (3 - 10 micrometers) the Nucleus
•9 um Human red blood cell •(10 - 30 um) Most Eukaryotic animal cells
•90 um Amoeba
•100 um Human Egg •1 mm Diameter of the squid giant nerve cell •2 mm Diameter of a frog egg
A: Cellular Organization
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote
Figure 1 - A Gram stain of Gram + Staphylococcus cells.
Figure 2 - Gram stain of Gram - E. coli cells
Size of Cells
•(1 - 10 um) the general sizes for Prokaryotes •1 um Diameter of human nerve cell process
•2 um E.coli - a bacterium
•3 um Mitochondrion •5 um length of chloroplast
Elements:
59% Hydrogen (H)
24% Oxygen (O)
11% Carbon (C) 4% Nitrogen (N)
2% Others - Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), etc.
Molecules that make up the cell:
50% protein
What is interesting about Cell biology?
What makes cell biology particularly interesting is that there is so much that is not understood.
Complexity inter-relations of cells Intra-relations of cells The cell and its environment Its ability to Live and reproduce Its ability to grow and change It is what makes up you and the food you eat.
Introduction to chromosomes
Section D: Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Section E: Viruses
The shape of a viral capsid is either helical or icosahedral.
Figure 3 - Electron micrograph of a G+ cell wall.
Figure 4 - Electron micrograph of a G- cell wall.
Section B: Biomembranes
Cholesterol is absent from most prokaryotic cells, but abundant in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. It is used as a precursor to generate other important steroids.
细胞生物学
Cell Biology
Reference Book
Introduction to Cell Biology
A. What is a cell B. Size of Cells C. What is interesting aboutHale Waihona Puke BaiduCell biology
What is a cell?
Cells are structural units that make up plants and animals, also there many single cell organisms. What cells all have in common is they are small 'sacks' composed mostly of water. The 'sacks' are made from a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane is semipermeable (allowing some things to pass in or out of the cell and blocking others), there are also other methods of transport that we will get into later. So what is in a cell? The cell as we mentioned is a fluid like membrane that surrounds the contents of the cell. Each component will be discussed in more detail later. Cells are 90% fluid (cytoplasm) which consists of free amino acids, proteins, glucose, and numerous other molecules. The cell environment (ie. the contents of the cytoplasm, and the nucleus, as well as, they way the DNA is packed) affect the gene expression/regulations, and thus are VERY important parts of inheritance, below are approximations of other components: