公共经济学名词解释(Public Economics)
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Public Economics
（公共经济学名词解释）
Public economics is about the taxing and spending activities of the government. Also known as “public sector economics” or “public finance.”
A perfectly competitive market is one with many buyers and sellers, in which no individual buyer or seller has a significant impact on the price.
A noncompetitive market is one in which individual firms can affect the market price.
Private goods, which are excludable and rival in consumption, like wheat Public goods, which are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption, like a public sewer system
Common resources, which are nonexcludable but rival in consumption, like clean water in a river
Artificially scarce goods, which are excludable but nonrival in consumption, like pay-per-view movies on cable TV
An externality is present when the activity of one entity (person or firm) directly affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism.
Negative externality: These activities impose damages on others, or called third party.
Positive externality: These activities benefits on others, or called third
party.
A Pigouvian tax is a tax levied on each unit of a polluter’s output in an amount just equal to the marginal damage it inflicts at the efficient level of output.
Taxes are a compulsory transfer of resources to the government from the rest of the economy.
Non-lump sum tax is related to the economic activity of taxpayer.
A specific tax is a tax with a rate given to the quantity
An ad-valorem tax is a tax with a rate given in proportion to the price
A lump-sum tax is a tax that is the same amount for every person, regardless of earnings or any actions that the person might take.
The benefits principle is the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services.
Vertical equity is the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts.
A proportional tax (比例税)is one for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income。
A regressive tax (累退税) is one for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers.
A progressive tax (累进税) is one for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers. Horizontal equity is the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay
taxes should pay the same amounts.