生态学PPT 英文版
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A1 什么是生态学
要 点
生态学是研究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学。 “环境”是物理环境（温度、可利用水等）和生物 环境（对有机体的、来自其他有机体的任何影响）
生态学的定义
的结合体。
A1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Key Notes
A definition of ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‗environment‘ is a combination of wenku.baidu.comhe physical environment (temperature, water availability, etc.) and any influences on an
Rule 5
Understanding complexity requires models. Ecology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every scale-millions of species, each with considerable genetic variation, varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and dynamic environment. To understand it,it is necessary to clearly identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can be tested. It is often very useful to frame the hypothesis in mathematical terms to avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often inevitable in a verbal model. Mathematical models are widely used in ecology.
organism exerted by other organisms-the biotic
environment.
个休、种群、群 落和生态系统
生态学所研究的有4个可辨别尺度的亚部分：(i)探讨
个体对其环境的反应；(ii)研究单个物种的种群对于 环境的反应，和探讨诸如多度(abundance)及其波动 等的过程；（iii）群落（出现在确定面积中的种群集 合）的组成和结构；(iv)生态系统（群落与环境的非
populations occurring in a defined area); (iv)the processes
occurring within ecosystems (the combination of a community and the abiotic components of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and the cycling of nutrients.
Rule 7
There are hierarchies of explanations. For any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a phenomenon is ‗explained‘ there may well be further and deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller picture.
规律3：“对动 物种有利”现 象并不存在
Rule 2
Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution. The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many millions of years of evolution. Thos evolutionary history has left an indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to make sense of the patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacy. Nothing happens’ for the good of the species’. A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur‘ for the good of the species‘. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species‘population size.
Rule 1
Ecology is a science. Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpoint.
Rule 6
‘Story-telling’ is dangerous. In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily explained by some ad hoc assertion – ‗story-telling‘. The temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costs.
A2 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY?
Key Notes
What are these rules? The authors‘ experience of teaching ecology has given them experience of some common pitfalls which ecology students often make. This list, designed to counter these pitfalls, is neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive, but we hope will nevertheless serve as a useful guide to protocol.
A2 生态学的10个规律
要 点
生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学 习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错误。本目录是为
这些规律是什么？
克服这些错误而设计的，既不全面，也不互相排斥，
但是我们希望它将作为有用的指南。
规律1：生态学 是科学
生态学是一门纯科学学科，目标是了解有机体与其广 阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与生态学知识的 政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。
规律6：“讲故 事”是危险的
在打算解释生态学种种模式或相互关系的时候，人们
很容易滑到虚假世界之中，每一个观察都很容易的被 某特设的断言（所谓的“讲故事”）所解释了。无论
如何，总想去推进假设实际上是应该避免的。
规律7：要有分 层次的解释
对于任何观察，常常可以识别出一个直接的原因，但 这种因果解释往往是资料不足的，我们需要进一步探 索，以达到更完全的抓住情况。即使是现象已经被 “解释”了，更进一步和更深入的解释也是很好的， 它允许我们看见更完全的情景。
规律2：生态学 只有按照进化 论才可理解
有机体巨大的多样性，以及其形态学、生理学和行为
的变异的丰富性，全都是亿万年进化的结果。这个进
化历史对于每一个个体都留下了不能去除的影响。我 们今天发现的种种模式，只有按照进化论的观点才可
能有意义。
对于那些看起来对个体是花费的有机体行为模式，认 为其出现是由于“对物种有利”的这种想法是一个非 常普遍的误解。这是绝对和完全错误的。自然选择将 会有利于那些传给大多数后裔的基因，即使这些基因 有可能导致物种种群大小的下降。
生物成分的结合）内的各种过程，例如能流、食物
网和营养物的循环等。
Individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems
There are four identifiable subdivisions of scale which ecologists investigate; (i) considering the response of individuals to their environments; (ii) Examining the response of populations of a single species to the environment,and considering processes such as abundance and fluctuations; (iii) The composition and structure of communities (the
Rule 4
Genes and environment are both important. The environment an organism finds itself in plays an important role in determining the options open to that individual. The genes which define an organism‘s makeup are also of fundamental importance. To understand ecology it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature of both of these factors and the fact that they interact.
Rule 3
规律4：基因和 环境都很重要
有机体自己所处的环境，对于它在开放的各种选择中
决定取舍上，具有重要的作用。决定有权体构造的基 因，同样具有根本的重要性。这两方面因素的基本性 质及其相互作用，对于理解生态学都是很重要的。
规律5：理解复 杂性要求模型
生态学是一复杂的对象，几乎每一个尺度都有大量变 异——亿万个种，每种有大量基因变异，在复杂和动 态的环境中有变化着的数量和随时间而改变的行为。 为了理解它，必需清楚的认明特异问题，然后形成可 以检验的假设。以数学的思想方法构造假说常常是很 有用的，可以躲开在语言模型中不能避免的含糊不清 和混淆。数学模型在生态学里被广泛的应用。
要 点
生态学是研究有机体与其环境相互作用的科学。 “环境”是物理环境（温度、可利用水等）和生物 环境（对有机体的、来自其他有机体的任何影响）
生态学的定义
的结合体。
A1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Key Notes
A definition of ecology Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. The ‗environment‘ is a combination of wenku.baidu.comhe physical environment (temperature, water availability, etc.) and any influences on an
Rule 5
Understanding complexity requires models. Ecology is a complex subject, with huge variation at almost every scale-millions of species, each with considerable genetic variation, varying numbers and ever-changing behaviors in a complex and dynamic environment. To understand it,it is necessary to clearly identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses which can be tested. It is often very useful to frame the hypothesis in mathematical terms to avoid ambiguity and confusion which are often inevitable in a verbal model. Mathematical models are widely used in ecology.
organism exerted by other organisms-the biotic
environment.
个休、种群、群 落和生态系统
生态学所研究的有4个可辨别尺度的亚部分：(i)探讨
个体对其环境的反应；(ii)研究单个物种的种群对于 环境的反应，和探讨诸如多度(abundance)及其波动 等的过程；（iii）群落（出现在确定面积中的种群集 合）的组成和结构；(iv)生态系统（群落与环境的非
populations occurring in a defined area); (iv)the processes
occurring within ecosystems (the combination of a community and the abiotic components of the environment), such as energy flow, food webs and the cycling of nutrients.
Rule 7
There are hierarchies of explanations. For any observation there is often an immediate cause that can be diagnosed. Often this causal explanation is insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper to reach a fuller grasp of the situation. Even if a phenomenon is ‗explained‘ there may well be further and deeper explanations which allow us to see the fuller picture.
规律3：“对动 物种有利”现 象并不存在
Rule 2
Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution. The huge diversity of organisms, and the wealth of variety in their morphologies, physiologies and behavior are all the result of many millions of years of evolution. Thos evolutionary history has left an indelible impression on each and every individual. It is only possible to make sense of the patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacy. Nothing happens’ for the good of the species’. A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur‘ for the good of the species‘. This is absolutely and completely wrong. Natural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species‘population size.
Rule 1
Ecology is a science. Ecology is a purely scientific discipline which aims to understand the relationships between organisms and their wider environment. It is important to segregate political and social impacts of ecological understanding from the scientific viewpoint.
Rule 6
‘Story-telling’ is dangerous. In attempting to explain ecological patterns or relationships, it is easy to slip into a make-believe world where every observation is readily explained by some ad hoc assertion – ‗story-telling‘. The temptation to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all costs.
A2 TEN RULES IN ECOLOGY?
Key Notes
What are these rules? The authors‘ experience of teaching ecology has given them experience of some common pitfalls which ecology students often make. This list, designed to counter these pitfalls, is neither comprehensive nor mutually exclusive, but we hope will nevertheless serve as a useful guide to protocol.
A2 生态学的10个规律
要 点
生态学的授课实践使得本书作者能够觉察到大学生学 习生态学时常常陷入的某些一般性错误。本目录是为
这些规律是什么？
克服这些错误而设计的，既不全面，也不互相排斥，
但是我们希望它将作为有用的指南。
规律1：生态学 是科学
生态学是一门纯科学学科，目标是了解有机体与其广 阔环境的相互关系。分清楚科学观点与生态学知识的 政治和社会影响这一件事是十分重要的。
规律6：“讲故 事”是危险的
在打算解释生态学种种模式或相互关系的时候，人们
很容易滑到虚假世界之中，每一个观察都很容易的被 某特设的断言（所谓的“讲故事”）所解释了。无论
如何，总想去推进假设实际上是应该避免的。
规律7：要有分 层次的解释
对于任何观察，常常可以识别出一个直接的原因，但 这种因果解释往往是资料不足的，我们需要进一步探 索，以达到更完全的抓住情况。即使是现象已经被 “解释”了，更进一步和更深入的解释也是很好的， 它允许我们看见更完全的情景。
规律2：生态学 只有按照进化 论才可理解
有机体巨大的多样性，以及其形态学、生理学和行为
的变异的丰富性，全都是亿万年进化的结果。这个进
化历史对于每一个个体都留下了不能去除的影响。我 们今天发现的种种模式，只有按照进化论的观点才可
能有意义。
对于那些看起来对个体是花费的有机体行为模式，认 为其出现是由于“对物种有利”的这种想法是一个非 常普遍的误解。这是绝对和完全错误的。自然选择将 会有利于那些传给大多数后裔的基因，即使这些基因 有可能导致物种种群大小的下降。
生物成分的结合）内的各种过程，例如能流、食物
网和营养物的循环等。
Individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems
There are four identifiable subdivisions of scale which ecologists investigate; (i) considering the response of individuals to their environments; (ii) Examining the response of populations of a single species to the environment,and considering processes such as abundance and fluctuations; (iii) The composition and structure of communities (the
Rule 4
Genes and environment are both important. The environment an organism finds itself in plays an important role in determining the options open to that individual. The genes which define an organism‘s makeup are also of fundamental importance. To understand ecology it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature of both of these factors and the fact that they interact.
Rule 3
规律4：基因和 环境都很重要
有机体自己所处的环境，对于它在开放的各种选择中
决定取舍上，具有重要的作用。决定有权体构造的基 因，同样具有根本的重要性。这两方面因素的基本性 质及其相互作用，对于理解生态学都是很重要的。
规律5：理解复 杂性要求模型
生态学是一复杂的对象，几乎每一个尺度都有大量变 异——亿万个种，每种有大量基因变异，在复杂和动 态的环境中有变化着的数量和随时间而改变的行为。 为了理解它，必需清楚的认明特异问题，然后形成可 以检验的假设。以数学的思想方法构造假说常常是很 有用的，可以躲开在语言模型中不能避免的含糊不清 和混淆。数学模型在生态学里被广泛的应用。